Exam 3-Psych Flashcards
1
Q
Memory
A
System that senses, organizes, stores, and retrieves information
2
Q
Memory Processes
A
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
3
Q
Encoding
A
Converting environmental and mental stimuli into memorable brain codes
4
Q
Storage
A
“Holding on” to encoded information
5
Q
Retrieval
A
Pulling information from storage
6
Q
Information-processing model
A
Assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of 3 stages
7
Q
Parallel Distributed Processing Model
A
Memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of connections
8
Q
Levels-of-processing model
A
Assumes information that is more “deeply processed” (processed according to its meaning) will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time
9
Q
3 stage process of memory
A
Sensory memory, short-term memory (maintenance rehearsal), long-term memory
10
Q
Sensory memory
A
1st stage of memory, the point at which information enters the memory system through the sensory systems
11
Q
Echoic memory
A
Everything you can hear in a given moment (auditory memory)
12
Q
Iconic memory
A
Visual memory
13
Q
Main features of sensory memory
A
Short duration, holds visual information
14
Q
Selective attention
A
Ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input
15
Q
Short-term memory
A
memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used
16
Q
Working memory
A
An active system that processes the information in short term memory
17
Q
Main functions of short term memory
A
Encoding: primarily in auditory form
Limited capacity: 3 to 5 items
Chunking: if bits of info are combined into meaningful units, more info can be held in STM
Duration: 12-30 seconds without rehearsal
18
Q
Maintenance rehearsal
A
Practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one’s head
19
Q
Long-term memory
A
System of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently
20
Q
Describe the main functions/features of long-term memory:
A
Capacity: seemingly unlimited
Duration: relatively permanent
21
Q
Elaborative rehearsal
A
A method of transferring information from the STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way
22
Q
Procedural memory
A
Motor skills, habits, emotional associations
Things we do, skills we have
23
Q
Declarative memory
A
Things people know
24
Q
Semantic memory
A
Facts, general knowledge
25
Episodic memory
Events experienced by a person
26
Retrieval cue
A stimulus for remembering
the more retrieval cues, the easier to remember
27
Recall
Memories are retrieved with few external cues
28
Recognition
Matching information to what is already in memory
29
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
One feels as though one knows information but can only generate bits and pieces
30
Serial position effect
Prejudice of memory system. Remember the beginning and end most accurately
31
Serial position effect: primacy effect
Remembering the beginning
32
Serial position effect: recency effect
Remembering the end
33
False positive
Error of memory in which people think that they recognize something that is not actually in memory
34
Flashbulb memories
automatic encoding due to unexpected, highly emotional event
35
Constructive processing
Retrieval of memories in which those memories are revised, influenced or altered by newer information
36
How can the misinformation effect affect long-term memory?
Misinformation effect: Misleading information presented after event can affect memory accuracy for event
37
Forgetting
Failure to properly store information for future use
38
Encoding failure
Not stored correctly
39
Memory trace
Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed
40
decay
Loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which memory trace is not used
41
Proactive interference
Information learned earlier interferes with information learned later
42
Retroactive interference
Information learned later interferes with information learned earlier
43
What does the case of H< tell us about brain structure and memory?
Hippocampus plays a vital role in the formation of new declarative memories
44
Retrograde
Loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards
45
Anterograde
When memory for anything new becomes impossible
46
Stress
Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to threatening or challenging events
47
Stressor
Events that cause a stress reaction
48
Distress
Effect of undesirable stressors
49
Eustress
Effect of positive events
50
Catastrophes
Unpredictable event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat
51
What are some of the consequences of significant levels of life stress?
Catastrophe highest-stress level, lowest frequency
52
Hassles
Daily annoyances of everyday life (frustrations, delays)
53
Pressure
urgent demands or expectations from an outside source
54
Uncontrollability
Degree of control over event or situation
55
Frustration
Response when a desired goal or a perceived need is blocked
56
typical responses to frustration
Escape, persistence, aggression, displaced aggression
57
Conflict:
A pull towards two desires or goals, ony one of which can be attained
58
Approach-approach conflict
two positives
59
avoidance-approach conflict
one positive, one negative
60
avoidance-avoidance conflict
two negatives
61
Stage 1 of general adaptation syndrome
Alarm (shock)
62
Stage 2 of general adaption syndrome
Resistance (highest resistance to stress)
63
Stage 3 of general adaptation syndrome
Exhaustion (least resistance to stress)
64
How does stress impact immune functioning and problems like heart disease and cancer?
Negatively affected by stress, higher risk of heart attacks
65
Personality factors in stress: Type A
Ambitious, hardworking, unsatisifed
66
Personality factors in stress: Type B
Relaxed, less competitive than type A, slow to anger
67
Personality factors in stress: Type C
Pleasant, repressed, internalizes anger/anxiety
68
How does the hardy personality differ from the type A personality?
Thrives on stress, lacks the anger/hostility which is common in type A
69
Optimists
People who expect positive outcomes
70
Pessimists
People who expect negative outcomes
71
How might optimism affect life expectancy?
Less likely to become depressed, develop learned helplessness
Take care of health more
better immune systems
72
Coping strategies
Actions people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressor effects
73
Problem-focused coping
Eliminate/reduce source of stress via direct action
74
Emotion-focused coping
Change stressor impact by changing emotional reaction
75
Personality
Unique and relatively stable ways people think, feel, and behave
76
Character
Value judgements of morality and ethics
77
Temperament
Enduring characteristics each person is born with
78
Major perspectives in personality theory
Psychodynamic, humanistic, trait
79
How did Freud's upbringing influence his theory?
Victorian age
-sexual reproduction
-sex for procreation
-mistresses satisfied mens uncontrollable urges
80
Three parts of the mind
Conscious, preconscious, unconscious
81
Conscious
Contact with outside world; current awareness
82
Preconscious
Material just beneath the surface of awareness
83
Unconscious
Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness
84
Freud believes the unconscious is
the most important aspect of determining behavior
85
ID
(devil) basic biological drives, amoral, exists from birth, completely unconscious
86
pleasure principle
ID, pleasure makes happy
87
Ego
rational and logical, deals with reality, mostly conscious
88
reality principle
Ego, based on logic
89
Superego
Moral center of our personality, "angel," develops as children learn society rules and expectations
90
Conscience
The part of personality that makes people feel guilty when they do the wrong thing
91
Psychological defense mechanisms
Unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety
92
Psychological defense mechanisms: Denial
Refusal to recognize/acknowledge a threatening situation
93
Psychological defense mechanisms: reaction formation
switching unacceptable impulses to their opposites
94
Psychological defense mechanisms: rationalization
making acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior
95
Psychological defense mechanisms: Projection
Placing one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others
96
Psychological defense mechanisms: Displacement
Expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening target
97
Psychological defense mechanisms: Regression
Falling back on childlike patterns to cope with stress
98
Psychosexual stages
Five stages of personality
Tied to sexual development
99
Stages of psychosexual development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
100
Oral stage
1st year
Mouth zone
Conflict: weaning
101
Anal
1-3 years
ego develops
conflict: toilet training conflict
Characteristics: expulsive vs. retentive personality
102
Anal retentive
Afraid of mess of toilet training
103
Anal expulsive
Rebellion, don't care about neatness
104
Phallic
3-6 years
Superego develops
Sexual feelings towards opposite sex parent
Oedipus complex
increasingly aware of genitals
penis envy or castration anxiety
105
Latency
6-puberty
Developing academic skills
developing same-sex relationships
106
Genital
Puberty
Sexual behavior
Romantic relationship successfully
107
Neo-freudians against freudians
Developed competing psychoanalytic theories
-reduced emphasis on sexual development
-increased emphasis on social environment
-modified ideas about the unconscious
108
Freud's contributions
Defense mechanisms
Concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior
Importance of early experience
109
Criticicisms of freud
No research, methods weird
110
Humanism
Focus on aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective emotions and freedom of choice
111
The big five (five-factor model)
OCEAN: Core descriptions of human personality; NON-OVERLAPPING (score on one dimension does not predict score on another dimension)
112
The big five (OPENNESS)
Open to new experience, willingness to try new things
- creative, adventurous
-conventional, down to earth
113
The big five (CONSCIENTIOUSNESS)
Organization and motivation
-organized, reliable
-spontaneous, carefree
114
The big five (EXTRAVERSION)
Sociability, not social skills
-outgoing and social
-solitary, dislike being the center of attention
115
The big five (AGREEABLENESS)
Emotional style
-Good natured, trusting
-Hard to get along with, irritable
116
The big five (NEUROTOCISM)
Emotional stability
- Worry, insecure, anxious
-Calm, secure, relaxed
117
There are no high/low scores on the big five factor model for
agreeableness, neuroticism
118
Trait-situation interaction
The circumstances if any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed
Ex) A situation motivates you to be more extraverted even though youre an introvert
119
How are conditional and unconditional positive regard related to personality?
Conditional: given only when the person is doing what the provides of positive regard with less ideal
Unconditional: Given w/ out conditions or string attached, love/support you no matter what
Positive regard: Warmth, love , respect
120
Real self
One's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
121
Ideal self
What one should or would like to be
122
Trait
A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
123
Allport
Listed 200 traits and believed traits were part of nervous system
124
Cattell
Reduced number of traits to between 16 and 23 with computer method called factor analysis
125
Cattell
Surface traits: core characteristics easily seen by others
Source traits: Basic traits that form the personality that can be seen by others
126
Sixteen personality factor questionnaire
helping ppl find jobs etc based on personality
