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PSU Freshman > BIOL230W Exam 1 > Flashcards

BIOL230W Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue lines the lungs, digestive tract, reproductive tracts and makes the pancreas?

A

Epithelial cells transfer oxygen and are responsible for the uptake of nutrients in one’s gut

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2
Q

Phospholipid

A

Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails

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3
Q

What characteristics of phospholipids cause them to assemble into a bilayer in an aqueous environment?

A

Amphipathic nature facilitates the formation of bilayers by facilitating hydrophobic interactions favoring fatty acids interacting with each other

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4
Q

What features of the membrane allow it to be selectively permeable?

A

Hydrophobic core and hydrophilic outside. The membrane can pick and choose what types and size to let pass.

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5
Q

Can or cannot diffuse?
Small, nonpolar molecule

A

Yes (oxygen)

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6
Q

Can or cannot diffuse?
Small polar molecule

A

Yes, (water)

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7
Q

Can or cannot diffuse?
Large polar molecule

A

No

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8
Q

Can or cannot diffuse?
Ion

A

No

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9
Q

What plays a role in what molecules can diffuse across a membrane?

A

Size, polarity, and charge

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10
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

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11
Q

Low solute concentration

A

Hypertonic solution

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12
Q

High solute concentration

A

Hypotonic solution

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13
Q

Hypertonic has more molecules in or outside?

A

Outside the cell

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14
Q

Hypotonic has more molecules in or outside?

A

Inside the cell

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15
Q

If ions cannot pass through a membrane, how are they transported to drive osmosis?

A

Protein channel or integral membrane proteins

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16
Q

If the environment is hypertonic, the water will move ____ the cell

A

into

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17
Q

3 categories of organelles (the first and last one require membrane manipulation via proteins for formation)

A

Membrane-bound (endomembrane system), proteinaceous and endosymbiotic

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18
Q

Proteinaceous

A

Ribosome and protiosome

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19
Q

FECA

A

First eukaryotic common ancestor (nucleus), requires proteins to manipulate proteins

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20
Q

LECA

A

Last eukaryotic common ancestor (mitochondria) (includes FECA too), everyone has the LECA, so it is not a chloroplast

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21
Q

List the organelles involved with the production and export of proteins starting with the nucleus and ending with the cell membrane.

A

Nucleus (RNA comes out through pores), nuclear membrane, ER, golgi body, vesicles, cell membrane, lysosomes, endosomes (multiple vesicular bodies) shown-storage and sorting organelles

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22
Q

The endomembrane system consists of a membrane-bound organelle that share…

A

phospholipids and function in protein transport

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23
Q

Modern eukaryotes demonstrate more compared to LECA

A

phenotypes and genotypes

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24
Q

Summarize the major difference between localization of the wildtype and mutated protein?

A

Wildtype- plasma membrane and multivesicular body
Mutated protein- localized in ER due to problems with folding

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25
Why is it important that RNA can fold into unique conformations?
Facilitates interactions with many different types of molecules because more shapes results in more flexibility to conform to different molecules
26
In eukaryotic cells, the nuclear membrane separates the DNA from the cytoplasm. What was the original benefit of the evolution of simple cellular compartments in the RNA world?
Prokaryotes (no nucleus) -> Transcription and translation occur almost simultaneously -Rapid, but limited regulation Eukaryotes (nucleus) -> Transcription and translation occur in diff regions - Increase regulation and processing
27
What are the benefits of DNA vs. RNA as an information storage molecule?
RNA has a short life compared to DNA Extra hydroxyl group on RNA decreases its stability
28
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a
polymer of nucleotides
29
Nucleotides
Nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group
30
Nitrogenous bases are
purines or pyrimidines
31
Sugar on DNA is
deoxyribose
32
DNA nucleotides are
monophosphates
33
The DNA double helix is a result of two
twisted single strands that interact with each other
34
Grooves in DNA play an important role in
allowing interactions with proteins
35
Nuclease
Cuts DNA Functions to protect bacteria from virus Now used in recombinant DNA tech
36
Ligase
Repairs break in DNA backbone Joins 3' OH with 5' PO4 Used in recombinant tech
37
Topoisomerase
Have endonuclease and ligase activity Cut one strand to release rotational tension and then rejoins DNA
38
Helicase
Use ATP to break H bonds between bases
39
Methyltransferase
Adds a methyl group to DNA
40
Phosphodiester bond
Bond between the 2 sugar hydroxyl and a phosphate group
41
Nitrogenous bases are bonded together by
Hydrogen bonds
42
Purines
G and A
43
Pyrimidine
C and T
44
Why are the ends of DNA strands named 3' or 5'
Refers to the number of Carbon atoms in a sugar molecule that the phosphate group binds to
45
How is A:T different from G:C?
G-C is stronger because there are 3 H bonds in G-C, but only two in A-T. G-C bonds are more stronger bonded together, more stable, and will have a higher melting temperature
46
During gel electrophoresis, to which electrode does DNA migrate?
Positive end because DNA is negatively charged. Opposite charges attract
47
How does the structure of DNA change if phosphodiester bonds are targeted for hydrolysis?
Phosphodiester bonds make up the backbone of DNA, so the backbone of the double helix would break. May lead to DNA fragmentation
48
How does the structure of a DNA molecule change if all H bonds between nucleotides are broken?
Double-helix would unwind, leaving the two strands separated. H-bonds hold base pairs together, DNA would overall denature
49
DNA melting
Process by which double-stranded DNA separates into single-stranded DNA via heat or other denaturation agents. Process can be observed by using absorption of UV light
50
What is the relationship between temp, UV absorbance, and DNA denaturation?
As temp increases, DNA denaturation increases, and UV absorbance increases
51
What bonds are broken in the DNA molecule during denaturation?
H-bonds between complementary base pairs are typically weakened and broken as temp increases. Covalent bonds are typically harder to break compared to H-bonds regarding heat.
52
If temperature is higher, then what does that say about bond content
G:C is higher. As A:T increases, temp decreases.
53
How does DNA fit into a nucleus?
Higher order packing allows it to be packed into a 10 micron nucleus. DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, creating chromatin. Chromosomes are the result of further DNA packing. Very organized
54
Chromosome
Linear stretches of DNA, typically associated with proteins, contain protein-coding regions (genes) and non-protein-coding regions
55
Replicated chromosomes have two
chromatids (copies of each other)
56
What carries the most DNA? Chromosomes or genes?
Chromosomes
57
The most common gene linked to CF is located on chromosome
7
58
Alleles
Variation of gene found on homologous chromosomes
59
In diseases, alleles can produce a
non-functional protein
60
Heterochromatin
Tightly packing, low gene expression
61
Euchromatin
Loose packing, high gene expression
62
How is DNA in dynamic association with the histone core proteins?
Core histone proteins and DNA are held by H-bonds. Higher order packing produces metaphase chromosomes.
63
Genome
Complete genetic material of an organism
64
Prokaryotes
Chromosome-circular DNA Plasmids-smaller, circular Limited, non-coding DNA (introns)= less gene expression regulation
65
Eukaryotes
Nuclear chromosome- Linear, DNA Mostly non-coding DNA
66
Viruses
Chromosomes- linear, dsDNA or ssRNA Limited, noncoding DNA
67
Which group of organism has the largest genome?
eukaryotes
68
Do eukaryotic organisms have a linear relationship between genome size and genomes? What does this mean?
Genome size increases with multicellularity In eukaryotes, increase in genome is nonlinear with inc in genes (more regulatory, ncDNA related to controlling gene expression) Allows for differential gene expression
69
Gene expression starts with
transcription in the nucleus
70
Trancription factors
proteins that bind to regulator proteins in transcription
71
Genes are the same, but
expressed differently
72
What is the TATA box?
Plays an essential role in transcription by all 3 eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases -transcribes RNA polymerase
73
What type of macromolecule is IRF-1 and NRF-2? What is the role in gene expression?
The more activators a gene has, the more that gene is expressed
74
Would transcription occur if there was a loss-of-function mutation in co-activator?
Yes, but at a lesser extent because stability of the transcription factors would be lost
75
In which direction is the template strand read?
Left to right, 3' to 5' direction
76
Coding strand
Non-template, sense Has the order of nucleotides that will translate to amino acids
77
Non-coding strand
Template, antisense Has the complementary order of nucleotides and ise used as a template to make mRNA that is same as coding
78
Which carbon on the nucleotide sugar contains the OH?
3' Carbon in DNA
79
Which carbon on the nucleotide sugar contains the phosphate group?
5' Carbon
80
In which direction is the RNA molecule made by the RNA polymerase?
Made 5' to 3'. Nucleotides 5' end is added growing mRNA first; therefore mRNA synthesis is 5' to 3' direction
81
Eukaryotic pre-mRNAs require processing prior to transport to the cytoplasm as mature mRNA steps
1) 5' cap added to protect mRNA from degradation, promote nuclear export and translation 2) Spliceosome removes introns 3) 3' Poly-A tail is added to help protect mRNA from degradation and promote nuclear export final result is mature mRNA
82
The coding strand is the same as
coding strand besides the T replaced to U
83
Spliceosome
A complex of snRNP's (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) that contain protein and RNA component
84
RNA component binds to
conserved regions of introns (specificity)
85
Protein components facilitate excision of the
intron (enzyme) Steps of splicing require the RNA and protein components of the snRNP's
86
Alternative RNA splicing can result in
multiple proteins synthesized from one mRNA
87
Genetic mutation
Permanent change in DNA
88
How can a mutation change your phenotype?
Either positively or negatively, a mutation changes the genotype, which changes the phenotype
89
Cause of mutations?
Radiation, chemicals, or errors in DNA replication
90

PSU Freshman (12 decks)

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