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PSU Freshman > BIOL230W Exam 1 > Flashcards

BIOL230W Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue lines the lungs, digestive tract, reproductive tracts and makes the pancreas?

A

Epithelial cells transfer oxygen and are responsible for the uptake of nutrients in one’s gut

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2
Q

Phospholipid

A

Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails

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3
Q

What characteristics of phospholipids cause them to assemble into a bilayer in an aqueous environment?

A

Amphipathic nature facilitates the formation of bilayers by facilitating hydrophobic interactions favoring fatty acids interacting with each other

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4
Q

What features of the membrane allow it to be selectively permeable?

A

Hydrophobic core and hydrophilic outside. The membrane can pick and choose what types and size to let pass.

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5
Q

Can or cannot diffuse?
Small, nonpolar molecule

A

Yes (oxygen)

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6
Q

Can or cannot diffuse?
Small polar molecule

A

Yes, (water)

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7
Q

Can or cannot diffuse?
Large polar molecule

A

No

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8
Q

Can or cannot diffuse?
Ion

A

No

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9
Q

What plays a role in what molecules can diffuse across a membrane?

A

Size, polarity, and charge

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10
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

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11
Q

Low solute concentration

A

Hypertonic solution

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12
Q

High solute concentration

A

Hypotonic solution

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13
Q

Hypertonic has more molecules in or outside?

A

Outside the cell

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14
Q

Hypotonic has more molecules in or outside?

A

Inside the cell

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15
Q

If ions cannot pass through a membrane, how are they transported to drive osmosis?

A

Protein channel or integral membrane proteins

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16
Q

If the environment is hypertonic, the water will move ____ the cell

A

into

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17
Q

3 categories of organelles (the first and last one require membrane manipulation via proteins for formation)

A

Membrane-bound (endomembrane system), proteinaceous and endosymbiotic

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18
Q

Proteinaceous

A

Ribosome and protiosome

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19
Q

FECA

A

First eukaryotic common ancestor (nucleus), requires proteins to manipulate proteins

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20
Q

LECA

A

Last eukaryotic common ancestor (mitochondria) (includes FECA too), everyone has the LECA, so it is not a chloroplast

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21
Q

List the organelles involved with the production and export of proteins starting with the nucleus and ending with the cell membrane.

A

Nucleus (RNA comes out through pores), nuclear membrane, ER, golgi body, vesicles, cell membrane, lysosomes, endosomes (multiple vesicular bodies) shown-storage and sorting organelles

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22
Q

The endomembrane system consists of a membrane-bound organelle that share…

A

phospholipids and function in protein transport

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23
Q

Modern eukaryotes demonstrate more compared to LECA

A

phenotypes and genotypes

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24
Q

Summarize the major difference between localization of the wildtype and mutated protein?

A

Wildtype- plasma membrane and multivesicular body
Mutated protein- localized in ER due to problems with folding

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25
Q

Why is it important that RNA can fold into unique conformations?

A

Facilitates interactions with many different types of molecules because more shapes results in more flexibility to conform to different molecules

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26
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the nuclear membrane separates the DNA from the cytoplasm. What was the original benefit of the evolution of simple cellular compartments in the RNA world?

A

Prokaryotes (no nucleus) -> Transcription and translation occur almost simultaneously
-Rapid, but limited regulation
Eukaryotes (nucleus) -> Transcription and translation occur in diff regions
- Increase regulation and processing

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27
Q

What are the benefits of DNA vs. RNA as an information storage molecule?

A

RNA has a short life compared to DNA
Extra hydroxyl group on RNA decreases its stability

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28
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a

A

polymer of nucleotides

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29
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group

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30
Q

Nitrogenous bases are

A

purines or pyrimidines

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31
Q

Sugar on DNA is

A

deoxyribose

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32
Q

DNA nucleotides are

A

monophosphates

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33
Q

The DNA double helix is a result of two

A

twisted single strands that interact with each other

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34
Q

Grooves in DNA play an important role in

A

allowing interactions with proteins

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35
Q

Nuclease

A

Cuts DNA
Functions to protect bacteria from virus
Now used in recombinant DNA tech

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36
Q

Ligase

A

Repairs break in DNA backbone
Joins 3’ OH with 5’ PO4
Used in recombinant tech

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37
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Have endonuclease and ligase activity
Cut one strand to release rotational tension and then rejoins DNA

38
Q

Helicase

A

Use ATP to break H bonds between bases

39
Q

Methyltransferase

A

Adds a methyl group to DNA

40
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Bond between the 2 sugar hydroxyl and a phosphate group

41
Q

Nitrogenous bases are bonded together by

A

Hydrogen bonds

42
Q

Purines

A

G and A

43
Q

Pyrimidine

A

C and T

44
Q

Why are the ends of DNA strands named 3’ or 5’

A

Refers to the number of Carbon atoms in a sugar molecule that the phosphate group binds to

45
Q

How is A:T different from G:C?

A

G-C is stronger because there are 3 H bonds in G-C, but only two in A-T. G-C bonds are more stronger bonded together, more stable, and will have a higher melting temperature

46
Q

During gel electrophoresis, to which electrode does DNA migrate?

A

Positive end because DNA is negatively charged. Opposite charges attract

47
Q

How does the structure of DNA change if phosphodiester bonds are targeted for hydrolysis?

A

Phosphodiester bonds make up the backbone of DNA, so the backbone of the double helix would break. May lead to DNA fragmentation

48
Q

How does the structure of a DNA molecule change if all H bonds between nucleotides are broken?

A

Double-helix would unwind, leaving the two strands separated. H-bonds hold base pairs together, DNA would overall denature

49
Q

DNA melting

A

Process by which double-stranded DNA separates into single-stranded DNA via heat or other denaturation agents. Process can be observed by using absorption of UV light

50
Q

What is the relationship between temp, UV absorbance, and DNA denaturation?

A

As temp increases, DNA denaturation increases, and UV absorbance increases

51
Q

What bonds are broken in the DNA molecule during denaturation?

A

H-bonds between complementary base pairs are typically weakened and broken as temp increases. Covalent bonds are typically harder to break compared to H-bonds regarding heat.

52
Q

If temperature is higher, then what does that say about bond content

A

G:C is higher. As A:T increases, temp decreases.

53
Q

How does DNA fit into a nucleus?

A

Higher order packing allows it to be packed into a 10 micron nucleus. DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, creating chromatin. Chromosomes are the result of further DNA packing. Very organized

54
Q

Chromosome

A

Linear stretches of DNA, typically associated with proteins, contain protein-coding regions (genes) and non-protein-coding regions

55
Q

Replicated chromosomes have two

A

chromatids (copies of each other)

56
Q

What carries the most DNA? Chromosomes or genes?

A

Chromosomes

57
Q

The most common gene linked to CF is located on chromosome

A

7

58
Q

Alleles

A

Variation of gene found on homologous chromosomes

59
Q

In diseases, alleles can produce a

A

non-functional protein

60
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Tightly packing, low gene expression

61
Q

Euchromatin

A

Loose packing, high gene expression

62
Q

How is DNA in dynamic association with the histone core proteins?

A

Core histone proteins and DNA are held by H-bonds. Higher order packing produces metaphase chromosomes.

63
Q

Genome

A

Complete genetic material of an organism

64
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Chromosome-circular DNA
Plasmids-smaller, circular
Limited, non-coding DNA (introns)= less gene expression regulation

65
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Nuclear chromosome- Linear, DNA
Mostly non-coding DNA

66
Q

Viruses

A

Chromosomes- linear, dsDNA or ssRNA
Limited, noncoding DNA

67
Q

Which group of organism has the largest genome?

A

eukaryotes

68
Q

Do eukaryotic organisms have a linear relationship between genome size and genomes? What does this mean?

A

Genome size increases with multicellularity
In eukaryotes, increase in genome is nonlinear with inc in genes (more regulatory, ncDNA related to controlling gene expression)
Allows for differential gene expression

69
Q

Gene expression starts with

A

transcription in the nucleus

70
Q

Trancription factors

A

proteins that bind to regulator proteins in transcription

71
Q

Genes are the same, but

A

expressed differently

72
Q

What is the TATA box?

A

Plays an essential role in transcription by all 3 eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases
-transcribes RNA polymerase

73
Q

What type of macromolecule is IRF-1 and NRF-2? What is the role in gene expression?

A

The more activators a gene has, the more that gene is expressed

74
Q

Would transcription occur if there was a loss-of-function mutation in co-activator?

A

Yes, but at a lesser extent because stability of the transcription factors would be lost

75
Q

In which direction is the template strand read?

A

Left to right, 3’ to 5’ direction

76
Q

Coding strand

A

Non-template, sense
Has the order of nucleotides that will translate to amino acids

77
Q

Non-coding strand

A

Template, antisense
Has the complementary order of nucleotides and ise used as a template to make mRNA that is same as coding

78
Q

Which carbon on the nucleotide sugar contains the OH?

A

3’ Carbon in DNA

79
Q

Which carbon on the nucleotide sugar contains the phosphate group?

A

5’ Carbon

80
Q

In which direction is the RNA molecule made by the RNA polymerase?

A

Made 5’ to 3’. Nucleotides 5’ end is added growing mRNA first; therefore mRNA synthesis is 5’ to 3’ direction

81
Q

Eukaryotic pre-mRNAs require processing prior to transport to the cytoplasm as mature mRNA steps

A

1) 5’ cap added to protect mRNA from degradation, promote nuclear export and translation
2) Spliceosome removes introns
3) 3’ Poly-A tail is added to help protect mRNA from degradation and promote nuclear export
final result is mature mRNA

82
Q

The coding strand is the same as

A

coding strand besides the T replaced to U

83
Q

Spliceosome

A

A complex of snRNP’s (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) that contain protein and RNA component

84
Q

RNA component binds to

A

conserved regions of introns (specificity)

85
Q

Protein components facilitate excision of the

A

intron (enzyme)
Steps of splicing require the RNA and protein components of the snRNP’s

86
Q

Alternative RNA splicing can result in

A

multiple proteins synthesized from one mRNA

87
Q

Genetic mutation

A

Permanent change in DNA

88
Q

How can a mutation change your phenotype?

A

Either positively or negatively, a mutation changes the genotype, which changes the phenotype

89
Q

Cause of mutations?

A

Radiation, chemicals, or errors in DNA replication

90
Q
A

PSU Freshman (12 decks)

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