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PSU Freshman > BIOL 230W Final > Flashcards

BIOL 230W Final Flashcards

1
Q

What types of molecules can be used as a source of energy?

A

sugars, fats, carbs, and proteins

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2
Q

Passive transport includes

A

simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion

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3
Q

Facilitated diffusion uses an

A

integral membrane protein (channel or carrier) to transport solute

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4
Q

Active transport uses specialized

A

carrier proteins called pumps and carrier proteins

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5
Q

Pumps

A

Primary

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6
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Secondary

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7
Q

How do single-cell organisms obtain energy sources?

A

Engulf food sources via phagocytosis. Autotrophs make their own food

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8
Q

How do multicellular organisms obtain energy sources?

A

Heterotrophic (eat food)

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9
Q

Passive transport is (direction)

A

high to low

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10
Q

Active transport is (direction)

A

low to high (up concentration gradient)

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11
Q

Carrier proteins bind to solute and

A

change conformation to transport solute across membrane

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12
Q

Channel-mediates transport does not

A

require energy (no binding to transporter protein), while carrier-mediated does

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13
Q

How can carrier-mediated transport function in both passive and active transport?

A

Transport protein can bind to the solute and can carry it either up or down a concentration gradient

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14
Q

Describe the sodium pump

A

Na+ is at a high concentration outside the cell compared to inside the cell. Glucose is usually lower outside the cell. K+ is lower concentration in blood compared to inside cell

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15
Q

Considering how the Na/K pump works, what is the final event?

A

To bring glucose into the cell, even when concentrations are low in the cell

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16
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of electrons

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17
Q

Reduction

A

gain of electrons

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18
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of molecules

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19
Q

Anabolism

A

Buildup of molecules

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20
Q

Metabolic flux

A

Rate that molecules pass through metabolic pathways

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21
Q

Outline the main mechanisms that regulate the flux of molecules through a biochemical pathway

A

1) Concentration of products -> shift towards equilibrium
2) Regulation of enzymes post-transationally -> make more enzymes, inc or dec activity
3) Allosteric activation or inhibition involves a molecule binding to an allosteric site (non-active site) of an enzyme and inducing a conformation change that alters function

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22
Q

Pyruvate kinase produces

A

pyruvate in the final step of glycolysis

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23
Q

Allosteric regulator

A

binds directly to an enzyme and regulates its function

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24
Q

For one molecule of glucose, what is the net ATP directly produced?

A

2 ATP

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25
For one molecule of glucose, what is the net NADH2 produced?
2 NADH2, which later becomes NAD+ after oxidation
26
Of the glycolysis pathway, which steps are NOT at equilibrium?
Steps 1, 3, and 10 (deltaG is negative)
27
Where does the citric acid cycle take place in the cell?
mitochondria
28
What energy important molecules are produced from the citric acid cycle?
NADH, H, FADH2
29
What is the major waste produced by citric acid cycle?
CO2
30
Where are the protein complexes of the ETC located?
inner mitochondrial membrane
31
Protein Complex I
First enzyme of respiratory chain
32
Protein Complex II
Plays a dual role in respiration
33
Protein Complex III
Shunts the electrons across the intermembrane space to cytocrome
34
Protein Complex IV
Catalyze the final step in mitochondrial electron transfer chain
35
Protein Complex V (ATP synthase)
Synthesis ATP from ADP in the mitochondrial matrix using the energy provided by the proton electrochemical gradient
36
What can happen if electrons "escape" from the complexes of the ETC?
Electrons can interact with O2 to make super reactive oxygen species
37
Glycolytic flux
Regulated to either fuel ATP production when energy is needed or store energy when energy is in excess
38
Allosteric regulators of glycolysis direct the
flux of glucose and glucose intermediates through glycolysis (low energy) or through glycogen synthesis (high energy)
39
When a cell has abundant ATP, excess glucose is stored as
glycogen
40
Pi, ADP, and AMP indicate
low energy in the cell. They are breakdown products from ATP hydrolysis
41
Increasing concentrations of citrate indicate high energy in the cell
Citrate is only expressed in high amounts bc there are high glucose levels in the cell Indicate a surplus of substrate in the citric acid cycle
42
Allosteric regulator for enzyme 1
hexokinase, inorganic phosphate, G6P
43
Allosteric regulator for enzyme 3
phosphofuctokinase, inorganic phosphate and fructose, 16bisP (citric inhibits)
44
Allosteric regulator for enzyme 10
Pyruvate kinase, pyruvate
45
Is phoosphofructokinase inhibited when energy levels are high or low?
Inhibited when energy is high
46
Why does it make sense that glycolysis would be activated by ADP and AMP
AMP is used to produce more ATP, same as ADP which is why the glycolysis would be activated
47
Tumorigenesis
creation of a tumor (a mass of cells that may become metastatic)
48
Tumor cells have
rapid division (proliferation) growth loss of differentiation (mesenchymal) immortality (no apoptosis) Energy starved, need glucose
49
Not enough oxygen
hypoxia
50
Too much oxygen
hyperoxia
51
The Warburg Effect
Anaerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen (tumors do not slow)
52
Cancer cells dramatically increase
glucose uptake and glycolysis
53
Major differences between normal metabolism and the Warburg Effect
Tumors have a lot of lactic acid Cancer cells increase glycolysis Normal metabolism is balanced (homeostasis) (less glycolysis and lactic acid)
54
Steps involved in ethical decision making
Gut reaction Research Stakeholders Ethical issue Possible solutions
55
Phagocytosis
process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle
56
Allosteric regulation
any form of regulation where the regulatory molecule (an activator or inhibitor) binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site
57
GLUT1
facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells
58
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
molecules capable of independent existence, containing at least one oxygen atom and one or more unpaired electrons
59
Pyruvate vs. Acetyl-CoA
Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, a two-carbon molecule attached to coenzyme A. A molecule of coenzyme A is a necessary reactant for this reaction, which releases a molecule of carbon dioxide and reduces a NAD+ to NADH
60
Primary active transport
Uses ATP directly to move molecules across the membrane
61
Secondary active transport
Uses ATP indirectly, via a previously established electrochemical gradient, to move molecules across a membrane
62
Facilitated diffusion transports a
large polar molecule
63
Facilitated diffusion requires
protein transporter to move a molecule across a membrane
64
Energy coupling
Using the energy from an exergonic reaction or provide the energy for an endergonic (or energetically unfavorable or non-spontaneous) reaction
65
Which type of chemical reaction is regulated by altering an enzymes function
irreversible (negative deltaG)
66
Chemical reactions with free energy changes close to zero are at
equilibrium and regulated by concentration of products and reactants
67
Which 3 steps are irreversible of glycolysis?
steps 1, 3, and 10
68
Which complex of the ETC will accept electrons but NOT pump protons
Complex II
69
NADH and FADH2 are _________ when they donate electrons to the electron transport chain
oxidized
70
Which of the following molecules act as a final acceptor of electrons in the ETC?
oxygen
71
Chemiosmosis uses a gradient of ________ to drive the synthesis of ATP
protons
72
Which of the following molecules is produced when a cell is in an energy starved state
AMP
73
Which step is a central target for allosteric regulation of glycolysis
Step 3
74
High concentrations of citrate (the first intermediate of the citric acid cycle) lead to _________ in glycolysis.
decreaseTh
75
The production of acetyl-coA ________ when ATP levels are high in the cell
decreases
76
A decrease in which type of adipose (fat) cells can result in metabolic disorders?
brown
77
Methylated DNA is associated with a _________ of gene expression
decrease
78

PSU Freshman (12 decks)

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