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PSU Freshman > BIO230W Exam 4 > Flashcards

BIO230W Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Will DNA at the origin be heterochromatic or euchromatic?

A

Chromatin must be remodeled to be euchromatic as opposed to heterochromatic

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2
Q

Describe the A-T, G-C base pairs at origins of replications

A

More AT base pairs compared to GC so easy to bind to and separate

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3
Q

What protein complex binds to the origin before helicase is loaded?

A

Origin Recognition Complex identifies and binds to origin (specific DNA region)

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4
Q

During which cell cycle stage is the full pre-replication complex bound to DNA?

A

G1

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5
Q

MCM

A

DNA modifying helicase (enzyme) that separates DNA strands at the origin

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6
Q

What three components make up the pre-replication complex (PRC?)

A

Origin recognition scaffold (ORC, cdt1, cdc6), helicase loader, helicase

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7
Q

How does the concentration of geminin relate to the ability of a cell to replicate its genome in this experiment?

A

Geminin and MCM helicases is loaded in G1, but not activated until S phase.

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8
Q

When is the MCM double helicase activated?

A

S phase

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9
Q

What is the role of geminin?

A

Blocks additional helicase loading during S-phase, G2 phase, and through mitosis

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10
Q

When is geminin active?

A

S, G2, and M

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11
Q

Why does geminin not block replication during S-phase?

A

Geminin prevents reloading of active MCM helicases after G1 by directly binding to cdt1. Geminin allows replication to occur b/c G1 was loaded before S-phase. prevents more replication than allocated in G1.

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12
Q

What would be the result if a cell lacked geminin?

A

80% of cells would successfully replicate

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13
Q

Which component of the replisome keeps separated strands of DNA from reannealing?

A

SSDBP (Single-stranded DNA binding protein)

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14
Q

How many replication forks are there in one replication bubble?

A

One bubble has two forks

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15
Q

What type of macromolecule is the primer for DNA polymerase?

A

proteinW

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16
Q

How many primers are present on the leading strand compared to the lagging strand?

A

Lagging strand has multiple primers (RNA), b/c it is done with okazaki fragments. leading strand only has 1 primer.

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17
Q

Describe processivity in relation to the action of DNA polymerase

A

The amount of catalytic cycles an enzyme can complete with a substrate without breaking

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18
Q

Direction of polymerization of transcription and replication

A

5’ to 3’

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19
Q

Direction that template is read of transcription and replication

A

3’ to 5’

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20
Q

Polymerizing enzyme of transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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21
Q

Polymerizing enzyme of replication

A

DNA polymerase

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22
Q

Template of transcription and replication

A

DNA

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23
Q

Increased processivity would cause

A

replication to be faster and more efficient b/c CLAMP proteins would not need to work to keep the enzyme and substrate together

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24
Q

3 steps of PCR

A

Denature, anneal and extend

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25
PCR function
Amplifies a specific region of DNA by cycling 3 steps 30-40 times
26
What happens to the temperature in the PCR as it moves from the denature step to the annealing step?
Stays the same
27
How is DNA denatured in PCR?
Increased heat
28
What happens to the DS (double-strand) vs SS (single-strand) nature of the DNA as you add heat?
DS decrease, SS increase
29
Taq polymerase
allows for high thrughout and increased specificity
30
Klenow
E.coli DNA polymerase
31
2 purposes of a primer
2 roles in PCR -Specify the region of DNA to be amplified -Provide a free 3' OH Must consider Tm when designing the primer -Too high= difficult to remove -Too low= loses specificity
32
Two main functions of the ECM
1) Helps with adhesion and/or cell signaling
33
ECM adhesion
help cell-cell ECM attachment, mechanical support, and cell motility
34
Signaling functions ECM
integrate cells into tissues, provide positional information, and aids in growth
35
Focal adhesions
Cell/ECM interactions that involves integral membrane proteins and ECM
36
Proteoglycans
Proteins with sugar chains -Attracts water to hydrate tissue to inhibit compression -Negatively charged b/c sulfate or carboxyl groups sugars
37
Collagen (fibrous protein)
Most common form long fibers in the ECM Collagen molecules consist of 3 interacting protein in a triple helix Long fiber structure gives tissue strength and flexibility
38
Fibronectin (adhesive protein)
Initiate signal pathway into cell. Proteins interact to form fibrils in ECM, fibrils interact with cells to regulate essential cell functions (growth, differentiation, migration during tissue development)
39
Activation of integrin
Activation triggers conformation change from bent to unbent--> leads to downstream signaling events
40
The ____ contains a RGD peptide motif
Ligand (motif assists in recognition of ligand)
41
In what ways is collagen synthesis different from fibronectin synthesis?
FN-> signaling Collagen-> enzymatically assemble
42
In what ways is collagen synthesis similar to fibronectin synthesis?
Transcribed +translated IN the cell-> ER-> exported (FN) Collagen interactions and fibril-fibril interactions
43
Significance of elevated integrin and FAK activity in cancerous cells
FAK promotes cancer progression and metastasis Integrins might contribute to migration, proliferation, and survival in tumor cells Both contribute to activating anti-apoptopic pathways, cell proliferation, invasion of surrounding tissues (metastasis) and angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels)
44
breast cancer relates to the
increase or stiffness of tissue. In a cancerous cell, there is increased collagen in ECM
45
Collagen
Translated into ER, quaternary structure, enzymatic modification required for assembly, signaling pathway initiated, quaternary inside cell (NOT signaling pathway for assembly)
46
Fibronectin
signaling pathway for assembly, Translated into ER, quaternary structure, signaling pathway initiated, quaternary inside cell (NOT enzymatic modification required for assembly or quaternary structure inside cell)
47
What cells are motile in the first stage of wound repair?
Fibroblasts, white blood cells
48
What attracts fibroblasts?
Chemo-attractants
49
Function of fibroblasts
Reconstruct the extracellular matrix in the wound
50
Why does the action of the fibroblast come before the movement of the epithelial cells into the wound?
Provides structure for new epithelial cell movement
51
What happens to the basement membrane as the EMT progresses?
Basement membrane needs to degrade temporarily so the cells can move
52
As the epithelial specific gene expression becomes repressed and the mesenchymal specific gene expression is activates, export of which ECm component would you expect to increase?
fibronectin
53
What is the result of the signaling patheay transduced by focal adhesions between integrin and fibronectin?
promote motility
54
Two types of cell-to-cell junctions
Tight junctions and anchoring junctions
55
What effect do desmosomes have on motility
Inhibits bc promotes sttength and polarity within epithelial cells
56
What effect do hemidesmosomes have on motility
Promotes bc interact with ECM allows increased motility
57
What effect do tight junctions (occludin) have on motility
Inhibits bc force regulation of what enters/exits cells and holds cells together
58
How might a loss of E-cadherin (Desmosomes) function and a gain of N-cadherin (hemidesmosomes) affect a cell?
may not hold onto each other but the ECm. Cells become more motile
59
Why is disruption of occludin function required for motlity
Occludin does not interact with cytoskeleton of other cells, but if its degraded, things can move around the cell instead of inside the cell
60
Chemotaxis
cell movement in response to an environmental cue
61
How is the formation of two types of protusions similar?
Formation of cell protusions at leading edge is actin-dependent and related to increased actin organization
62
Two functions of focal adhesion
Attachment forms stable interactions with the ECM and signaling deals with moving and cell division
63
What type of enzyme is required for focal adhesion detachment?
Proteases (calpain)
64
Which two steps of ameboid movement require the establishment of ligand/receptor binding? What are the ligands?
Step 1) Cell polarity is regulated by signaling molecules that create a 'leading' edge and 'trailing' edge through cytoskeleton changes Step 3) Cell adhesion-Cells protusions form stable interactions with the eCm that are continuous with the cytoskeleton called focal adhesions
65
Metastasis
Movement of cancer cells from one location of body to another
66
What does metastasis require
Requires cancer cells to acquire invasive phenotype
67
Epithelial cells must break through the
basement membrane to invade other tissues

PSU Freshman (12 decks)

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