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Drugs and Society > Exam2 Part5 Ch.4 > Flashcards

Exam2 Part5 Ch.4 Flashcards

Downers: Opiates and Opioids

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1
Q

Unlike stimulants, downers (depressants):

A

depress functioning of the Central Nervous System

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2
Q

General physical effect of downers are:

A

Sedation
Muscle relaxation
Drowsiness
Coma, if the dose is high enough

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3
Q

Mental effects if downers:

A

Disinhibition of impulse and emotions

Euphoria due to reduction of anxiety and emotional distress

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4
Q

The three major classes of depressant drugs are:

A

Opiates/Opioids
Sedative-hypnotics
Alcohol

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5
Q

these are drugs that are refined from raw opium

A

Opiates

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6
Q

this is the milky fluid of the unripe seed pod of the ____ ____ (papaver )

A

Opium

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7
Q

What are the major opiates found in opium?

A

morphine

codeine

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8
Q

these are chemical variations of morphine and codeine

A

Semi-synthetic Opiates

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9
Q

What are some Semi-synthetic opiates:

A

Diacetymorphine (Heroin)
Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
Oxycodone(Oxycontin)
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)

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10
Q

These are fully synthetic drugs:

A

opioids

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11
Q

What are some fully synthetic opioids:

A

methadone (Dolophine)
Meperidine (Demerol)
propoxyphene (Darvon)
fentanyl (sublimaze)

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12
Q

The opium poppy was first cultivated in

A

Ancient Mesopotamia

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13
Q

The opium poppy in 3400 BC was used as:

A

a cure-all medicine, a source of pleasure, and a poison.

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14
Q

how was opium used as an oral ingestion?

A

was chewed, eaten, or mixed with liquids and swallowed to induce drowsiness and to cure illness

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15
Q

Smoking opium in what century did explorers and traders introduce the pipe to Europe and Asia?

A

16th cent.

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16
Q

the non medical use of opium became wide spread, especially in _____

A

China

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17
Q

An epidemic abuse lead to China: blocking its ports from English trading ships selling opium this was called the:

A

Opium wars, 1839-1842 and 1856-1860

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18
Q

These people brought in to build railroads introduced opium smoking to the US

A

Chinese workers

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19
Q

in _____ morphine was isolated form opium

A

1805

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20
Q

in 1874 chemists altered the morphine molecule to produce

A

heroine (diacetylmorphine)

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21
Q

_____ is more fate soluble than morphine.

A

Heroine

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22
Q

bc heroine is more fat salable than morphine it there means that

A

heroine crosses the bold-brain barrier more quickly and causes a rapid mood change

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23
Q

The injection of morphine came with the development of what?

This made morphine’s effect…

A

the hypodermic needle (1853)

even more potent and more addicting

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24
Q

In the 1800s, hundreds of what were available?

A

OPIUM-LACED TONICS AND MEDICINES

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25
Q

If ____ is sufficiently pure, users can get high by ______ it

A

heroine

snorting

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26
Q

In the twentieth century and government regulation: Casual non medical opiate use became illegal by the

A

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

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27
Q

The US consumes only __% of the world supply of heroin

A

3%

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28
Q

In 2006, _______ grew 92% of the world’s _____, which is then processed to _____

A

Afganistan
opium
heroin

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29
Q

Physicians prescribe opioids to:

A

deaden pain
control coughing
stop diarrhea

30
Q

this is the neurotransmitter released by neurons in spinal cord pain pathways to signal tissue damage.

A

pain Substance P

31
Q

During intense pain, specific neurons release ____ and _____ that block the release of Substance P and dampen pain sensation

A

endorphines and enkephalins

32
Q

These are called our brain’s natural pain killers

A

endorphines

33
Q

Opiate and Opioid drugs are able to bind and activate endorphin receptors, and thus:

A

mimic our natural pain reduction system

34
Q

Endorphines also dampen _______ such as fear and anxiety, and produce a ____ ____ _____

A

mental pain

calm and detached mood

35
Q

Opioid drugs increase activity in the brain’s ____/____ pathway which can produce a state euphoria in people prone to addiction

A

reward/pleasure

36
Q

Opioids also cause _____ suppression

A

cough suppression

37
Q

in cough suppression, opioids do what that control the cough reflex, TF what happens

A

bind to receptors in the brain stem

coughing is reduced

38
Q

Physical side effects of opioid drugs:

A 
constipation
pupil constriction
drooping eyelids
relaxed muscle tone
dry, itchy skin
vomiting
39
Q

When is comes to tolerance of opioid drugs, people seeking mental effect such as euphoria, might need ____ times their original dosage, after how long of regular use?

A

10

a month

40
Q

WHen does withdrawal from opioids occur?

and what does it feel like

A

WHen a person abruptly stops taking a drug after continuous, high does use

feels like a bad case of the flu

41
Q

What are Opioids withdrawal symptoms?

A 
fever, chills, goose bumps
Intestinal cramps and diarrhea
Bone and Joint pain
Muscle cramps
insomnia
and of course intense craving
42
Q

SHort acting drugs. like ____ and _____ produces the sudden onset of severe symptoms which begin ___ to ___ hours after the last does and peal within 48 hours

A

heroine and morphine

8-10

43
Q

Neonatal problems with heroine use:

  1. ) pregnant addicts have a higher risk for____,______,____ and_____
  2. )If the fetus becomes ____ ____ for heroine, birth suddenly cuts the newborn’s drug supply and ________ ______ appear.
A

1.) miscarriage, placental separation, premature labor and still births
2.) tissue dependent
withdrawal symptoms appear

44
Q

Overdose:

each year how many people die from opioid overdose?

A

4,000 to 5,000

45
Q

What is the major cause of overdose death with opioids?

A

Sever respiratory depression

46
Q

What are some of the symptoms of opioid overdose?

A

Blue lips and pale bluish skin
Slow shallow breaths with fluid rattles of gasps
Very constricted pupils that look like pin pricks
Skin fees cold and clammy

47
Q

When an overdose occurs what should one do?

A

immediate CPR is needed and an injection of an opioid receptor antagonist (naloxon/Narcan)

48
Q

Dirty shared needles can cause ______ ____ and ___, the virus that causes ____

A

Hepatits B or C
HIV
AIDS

49
Q

From 50% to 90% of needle using heroin addicts carry ____ __

A

Hepatitis C

50
Q

____ ____ of IV users carry ____ which can spread to their sexual partners

A

over half

HIV

51
Q

A majority of ___% of heroine user have ___-____ jobs

A

79%

full-time

52
Q

60% of the cost os covered by ____ and ____ __ and 40% by ___ and _____

A

prostitution and drug dealing

shoplifting and burglary

53
Q

This use is a world wide problem

A

Heroin (diacetylmorphine)

54
Q

The largest sources of illegal opium and heroin is?

A

Afganistan

55
Q

This is the largest grower of opium for ____ ____ purposes

A

India

legal medical

56
Q

Types of heroin include:

A

China white

Persian brown

57
Q

Since the 40s ___ has been the largest supplier to the US of “______“___ which is often smoked

A

Mexico

black tar heroin

58
Q

_____ is not as strong as morphine

A

Codeine

59
Q

Codeine is generally used for a

A

relief of moderate pain or to control coughs

60
Q

_____ is refined from opium

A

morphine

61
Q

this is the standard for pain relief measurement

A

morphine

62
Q

This is a long-lasting opioid which is taken orally to reduce heroine craving and reduce withdrawal symptoms

A

Methadone (Dolophine)

63
Q

This is a semi-synthetic opioid refined from morphine, It is 8 times more potent than morphine

A

Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)

64
Q

A time release form of oxycodone

A

Oxycontin

65
Q

today this is the most abused oral pain reliever

A

Hydrocodone (Vicodin)

66
Q

A short-acting opioid, usually injected

A

Meperidine (Demerol)

67
Q

An opioid prescribed for mild to moderate pain, especially by dentists

A

Propoxyphene (Darvon)

68
Q

The most powerful pain killer available

A

Fentanyl (Sublimaze)

69
Q

Fentanyl (Sublimaze) is ___ to ___ times stronger than morphine.

A

50 to 100

70
Q

this is Designer Heroine street version of fentanyl known as “____ ___”

A

China white

71
Q

This is an opiod receptor antagonists which block the effects of opiods and can be used to revers a heroin overdose or discourage relapse.

A

Naloxone

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