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Drugs and Society > Exam 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards

Cocaine and amphetamines

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1
Q

SOme stimulants are _____ _____ produced by plants

A

natural substances

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2
Q

This is from the coca plant

A

cocaine

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3
Q

This is from the tobacco plant leaves

A

Nicotine

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4
Q

from coffee bush berries (beans, tea leaves and cola nuts

A

Caffeine

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5
Q

From the khat bush

A

Cathinone

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6
Q

From betal nuts

A

Arecoline

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7
Q

From the yohimbe tree

A

Yohimbine

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8
Q

In many cases the drug has been ______ from the plant material and is available in ______ _____

A

refined

pure powder

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9
Q

SOme stimulants are not found in plants but are ________ in legal pharmaceutical labs or in illegal underground labs

A

Synthesized

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10
Q

Examples of Synthetic stimulants include:

A

Amphetamines

Amphetamine congers

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11
Q

What are 2 Amphetamin congeners:

A

Methylphenidate

Pemoline

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12
Q

Some stm. produce much stronger effects than others; but in general, …

A

they increase the neuronal activity in the central and peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

name six physical effects that stimulants have on the body:

A
  1. release of arenanline (epinephrine) in to the blood from adrenal glands
  2. Increased release of nerepinephrine at autonomic synapses
  3. Increased heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate
  4. Sweating, dry mouth and dilated pupils.
  5. insomnia and cr=ecreased appetite
  6. high dose can lead to jaw clenching and teeth grinding
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14
Q

the release of this adreline in to the blood from the adrenal glands>

A

epinephrine

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15
Q

Increase of ___________ at autonomic synapses

A

norepinephrine

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16
Q

these physical effects that stimulants have on the body are mediated by the _____ ___________ __________.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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17
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

this system innervates the smooth muscles in the blood vessels, organs, and glands.

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18
Q

The stimulant effects resemble the body’s response to conditions of extreme fear or anger called “______________” ________.

A

“Fight or Flight” response

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19
Q

What are the mental and emotional effects of stimulants?

A
  1. Increased alertness and attention
  2. elevated mood, confidence, self-esteem, even euphoria
  3. high doses can hear to irritability, restlessness, and in extreme cases, paranoid thought and psychoses
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20
Q

How do stimulants produce these mental and emotional effects

A

by increasing synaptic levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the central nervous system.

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21
Q

what is dopamine?

A

this is an important neurotransmitter used by neurons in the brains’s reward/reinforcement circuit

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22
Q

what do increased levels of dopamine activity in this central nervous system produce?

A

produces a false sense of well being and confidence.

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23
Q

What do increased levels of norepinephrine contribute?

A

this contributes to the feelings of energy and decreased need for sleep

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24
Q

Strong stimulants such as ______ or the amphetamines can keep a person awake and energized for days on end; but the lack of sleep results in _____,______, and ______

A

cocaine
restlessness
irritability
confusion

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25
Q

Extended stimulant use is also called

A

binge use

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26
Q

In binge use:

A

the body’s energy reserves are depleted, and the person must stop their drug intake.

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27
Q

The binge use results in a

A

cracsh where the person sleeps a lot and arises only briefly to eat calorie rich meals

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28
Q

After the crash from the binge use eases, what happens?

A

an inability pleasure (anhedonia), lack of energy (anergia) and intense cravings can initiate another binge cycle.

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29
Q

Anhedonia

A

lack of pleasure

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30
Q

anergia

A

lack of energy

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31
Q

What is the coca plant called

A

Erythroxlyon coca

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32
Q

Where does the coca plant (erythroxylon plant) grow?

A

on the slope of the Andes Mts. in South America (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and mainly Colombia).

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33
Q

The leves of the coca bush contain 0.5% to 1.5% by weight of the alkaloid cocaine; and how much leaves to make 1kg of cocaine?

A

250kg of coca

34
Q

there are 5 ways you can use cocaine;

A

chewing the leaf, drinking cocaine, injecting cocaine, snorting cocaine, and smoking cocaine

35
Q

Starting when did native cultures in SOuth America use cocaine by chewing the leaves of the coca plant.

A

middle ages

36
Q

what did native cultures do in South America to increase cocaine absorption by the ______ of the mouth?

A

they often added powdered lime to their saliva to increase cocaine absorption

37
Q

How did individuals drink their cocaine?

A

the cocaine was isolated from the leaf of the coca bush in 1859 and cocaine hydrochloride was added to many patent medicines and elixers

38
Q

who endorsed the use of Vin Mariani and what is this?

A

Thomas Edison and President William McKinely

Red wine laced with cocaine

39
Q

From ____ to____ a bottle of coca-cola contained _____ _____ of cocaine

A

1886-1903

5 milligrams

40
Q

what invention enabled large doses of cocaine to be injected? When?

A

the hypodermic needle in 1853

41
Q

What does injecting cocaine intravenously result in?

A

a ruch of 30 sec and produces the highest blood-cocaine level

42
Q

What happens when Hydrocholride is converted to freebase cocaine?

A

it lowers the vaporization point of cocaine to 98 degrees C and mass the drug smokable using glass pipes and lighters.

43
Q

Beginning in the ___, freebasing involved the use of what that did what?

A

solvents such as ether to dissolve the cocaine powder and then precipitate our pure cocaine freebase crystals.

44
Q

what is the new method called that uses simple household products such as baking soda, water, and heat to precipitate crystals called _____.

A

“cheap basing” or “dirty basing”

crack

45
Q

Based in the metabolism; cocaine is metabolized how fast of slow b the body?

A

very quickly

46
Q

Cocaines peak effects last for how long?

A

40 min. depending on the administration

47
Q

WHat are the medical use of cocaine?

A

cocaine is the only naturally occurring topical anesthetic that also constricts local blood vessels. It s used to numb the nasal passages when inserting breathing tubes and to numb the nose, eye, or throat during surgery.

48
Q

What are problems that cocaine abusers encounter?

A 
crash
withdrawal
polydrug use
adulteration
overdose
long-term use
49
Q

the crash of cocaine can be deliberating and with the individual sleeping for _______ ______ _____ yet unable to perform normal activities due to what?

A

12 hour stretches

exhaustion and depression

50
Q

the withdrawal of cocaine sets after the crash and includes what?

A

the inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia), lack o energy or motivation (anergia), and intense craving for the rug.

51
Q

What is polydrug use?

why do individuals who abuse cocaine result to polydrug use?

A

This in when users turn to downers like alcohol, valium, or heroin.
this is to ease the intense irritation and restlessness causes by the binge use of cocaine.

52
Q

WHat is the particular concern of polydrug use?

A

The formation of cocaethylene

53
Q

What is cocoa ethylene?

A

a byproduct formed by the lier with very high levels of both alcohol and cocaine are present in the blood.

54
Q

What is the presence of cocatethylene associated with?

A

increased violent ben. and cardiovascular damage

55
Q

Adulteration of the drug includes what?

A

additives such as baby laxatives, lactose, or procaine

56
Q

This has numbing effects similar to cocaine, but it does not cross the blood brain barrier…

A

Procaine

57
Q

WHat is overdoes marked by?

A

defibalizing

very rapid heartbeat, chest pain, and hyperventilation, often accompanied by a feeling of impending death.

58
Q

referring to cocaine abuse death is usually from what?

A

Cardiac arrest, seizures, stroke, respiratory failure, and even severe hyperthermia

59
Q

Long-term use of cocaine can cause what?

A

stroke and heart damage

60
Q

Stroke is defined as

A

weakening of the blood vessel wall

61
Q

Heart damage is caused by

A

reduced blood flow to heart muscles

62
Q

Amphetamines are ______ _____

A

synthetic stimulants

63
Q

These are synthetic stimulants that produce mental and physical effects similar to those produced by cocaine

A

Amphetamines

64
Q

WHat is the big differences from cocaine and amphetamines?

A

Amphetamines are not metabolized as quickly as cocaine so their effects can last 4-6 hours

65
Q

What is a type of amphetamine molecule?

A

d,1 amphetamine (Adderall)

66
Q

Amphetamines were first synthesized in _____ by who doing what?

A

1887

by a german chemist trying to produce an adrenaline substitute

67
Q

Amphetamines relax the smooth muscles lining the lung bronchioles and they were used ______

A

medically in the 1930’s to treat asthma

68
Q

Amphetamine tablets were used in … more than twenty million doses were handed out during the Vietnam conflict.

A

WWII by American, British, German, and Japanese soilders

69
Q

In 1970, ____ to____ of Americans used prescription amphetamines for _____ _____.

A

6% to 8%

70
Q

Amphetamines were often taken ____

A

orally

71
Q

A less popular route of administration for amphetamines are ____ and _____ because of the _______ ______.

A

injection and snorting

irritating effects

72
Q

This type of administration for amphetamines is becoming more widespread

A

Smoking

73
Q

2 effects of amphetamines are:

  1. ) small to moderate dose …
  2. ) ____ or ____ produce high energy episodes followed by a crash and depression
A
  1. ) increased heart rate, respiration and blood pressure

2. ) Binges or runs

74
Q

Withdrawal from cocaine or amphetamine abuse is_____________ and can be treated by encouraging________

A

is not life threatening

abstinence from all stimulants including caffeine and tabacco

75
Q

What are the steps of treatment for cocaine and amphetamine abuse?

A

detoxification
initial abstinence
long-term abstinence
recovery

76
Q

Treatment of physical problem (i.e. exhaustion, dehydration, malnutrition
This is a part of the treatment for cocaine and amphetamine, but what step?

A

Detoxification and initial abstinence

77
Q

Medical treatment includes antidepressants, antipsychotics, and sedatives.
This is a part of the treatment for cocaine and amphetamine, but what step?

A

Detoxification and initial abstinence

78
Q

Long-term abstinence and recovery involve?

A

Endogenous craving
Environmentally triggered craving
counseling, group sessions, and other desensitizing techniques

79
Q

What is endogenous craving:

A

is caused by depletion f dopamine and is treated by abstinence

80
Q

what is environmentally triggered craving?

A

occurs when environmental cues, people, or places stimulate memories of drug use

81
Q

Treatment conclusions for cocaine and amphetamines:

A

recovery is often a lifelong process

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