Exam 2 Part 4 Ch. 4

Question 1

There are two main groups of sedative-hypnotics:

Answer 1

Benzodiazepines and the barbiturates

Question 2

This class of drug is prescribed to control neurotic reactions in unstable patients, to control anxiety, hypertension (high blood pressure), reduce seizure activity, and to induce sleep.

Answer 2

Sedative-hypnotics

Question 3

the effects of sedative hypnotics are similar to those of_____

Answer 3

alcohol

Question 4

sedatives produce what kind of effect and often are often prescribed to reduce what?

Answer 4

calming effect

anxiety

Question 5

these are short-acting drugs that are designed to induce sleep

Answer 5

Hypnotics

Question 6

Hypnotics get their name from what

Answer 6

hypnosis which means a “sleep-like state”

Question 7

Sedative-hypntic drugs bind to receptors for the neurotransmitter ____ and enhance ____________ to _____.

Answer 7

GABA
receptors response
GABA

Question 8

When GABA is released at synapses, the target neuron becomes less excitable and GABA is sometimes called the what?

Answer 8

the brains natural, or endogenous, sedative.

Question 9

Neurons that release GABA play an important role in what?

Answer 9

preventing regions of the brain from becoming over-excited

Question 10

SInce Sedative-hypnoticsincrease the effect of GABA on target neurons, these drugs can reduce what?

Answer 10

reduce the activity of neurons in the brain regions that generate anxiety.

Question 11

in vulnerable individuals the relief from ____ and _____ produces a state of _____ which can lead to abuse and addiction

Answer 11

tension and anxiety

euphoria

Question 12

It is also thought that reduced activity in certain brain regions can , through various feedback loops,…

Answer 12

increase the release of dopamine by neurons in the reward/pleasure circuit

Question 13

throughout history humans have sought substances that could do what?

Answer 13

calm the troubled mind and make sleeping easier

Question 14

These two drugs were used by ancient civilizations

Answer 14

opium and alcohol

Question 15

This was sold in drug stores in 1869 as a sedative and a hypnotic:

Answer 15

Choral Hydrate

Question 16

This gesture was known as giving someone the ______ ____ and was down by slipping what drug into drinks and used to shanghai sailors for undesirable trading routes.

Answer 16

Mickey Finn

Choral Hydrate

Question 17

this was used to control alcohol withdrawal but it has a very offensive odor

Answer 17

Paraldehyde

Question 18

These were first used in the 19th cent. and their medical use peaked in the 1940s and 1950s

Answer 18

barbiturates

Question 19

During ___ and ___ Barbiturates were abused by individuals who thought of them as the _____

Answer 19

1960s and 1970s

“alcohol in a pill”

Question 20

Barbiturates low margin of safety and addictions potential led to what

Answer 20

increased research to find a safer alternative

Question 21

this barbiturate is a slow-acting drug whose effect can last for 12-24 hours. it has been prescribed to do what

Answer 21

Phenobrabital

reduce seizures activity in pts. with epilepsy

Question 22

The barbiturate is a short-acting compound (3-6 hours) prescribed as a sleep aid

Answer 22

seconal

Question 23

This became a favorite party drug for those who liked downers, but accidental overdoes and severe withdrawal symptoms were serious complications from its abuse

Answer 23

seconal

Question 24

_____ in 1960 and _____ in 1963 were the first benzodiazepines to be manufactured and marketed

Answer 24

CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE (LIBRIUM)

DIAZEPAM (VALIUM)

Question 25

CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE (LIBRIUM)

DIAZEPAM (VALIUM) these were considered “____”

Answer 25

miracle drugs

Question 26

how many prescriptions were written per year by 1975?

Answer 26

100 million

Question 27

These are the most widely used sedative-hypnotics in the US

Answer 27

Benzodiazepines

Question 28

medically benzodiazepines are used to treat: (5)

Answer 28

symp. of anxiety and panic d/o
anx. in surgical pts.
sleep d/o
spasms and seizures
acute alcohol withdrawal symp.

Question 29

the most widely prescribed benzodiazepines are:

Answer 29

Alprozolam (xanax)
Clonazepam (klonopin)
diazepam (valium)

Question 30

the non medical use of benzodiazepines are similar to those of what

Answer 30

alcohol and can be abused for the same reasons as alcohol

Question 31

Often abused in combination with ____ or by a ____ abusers use them to calm down from excess stimulation

Answer 31

alcohol

stimulant

Question 32

Tolerance of benzodiazepines develops as:

Answer 32

the liver becomes more efficient in processing the drug.

Question 33

Tolerance for older pts of benzodiazepines:

Answer 33

the liver does not processes the drug as quickly and this can lead to over medication for the elderly

Question 34

Tissue dependence of benzodiazepines can develop if

Answer 34

if the pt takes 10-20 times the normal dosage daily fro a couple of months of takes a normal does for a year or more.

Question 35

to avoid withdrawal symptoms from benzodiazepines the Dr. will

Answer 35

slowly reduce a pt’s dosage over a period of time

Question 36

Benzodiazepines can disrupt the transfer of information from short to long term memory, especially given high doses or intravenously hence,

Answer 36

memory impairment

Question 37

______ is common in a hospital settings where the drugs are given to relax a to prior to surgery of before an unpleasant medical procedure

Answer 37

amnesia

Question 38

the benzodiazepine _____ has been associated with this form of date rape (sexual assault) and in 1996 the FDA banned all imports of this drug

Answer 38

Rohypnol

Question 39

Withdrawal symptoms from benzodiazepine include:

Answer 39

insomnia
tremors
“rebound anxiety”

Question 40

What is rebound anxiety?

Answer 40

where the anxiety sump. the pt was originally being treated for return at magnified levels

Question 41

withdrawal symp. can be severe fro individuals abusing the benzodiazepines by :

Answer 41

taking large amount and combining them with downers such as alcohol, barbiturates and opioids

Question 42

overdose is more likely to occur when benzodiazepines are:

Answer 42

combined with other downers, asp alcohol

Question 43

___ and ____ can occur when overdose of benzodiazepines, without immediate medical assistance and intervention

Answer 43

coma and death

Question 44

this was a heavy abuse of young people in the 1970s and the resulting overdose, led to the drug being withdrawn from the legitimate market

Answer 44

Methaqualone (Quaalude)

Question 45

this was used as a sleep inducer in the 1960s bc it is thought to increase levels of human growth hormone and was promoted by body builders

Answer 45

GHB Gamma Hydroxybutyrate

Question 46

more recently this drug gained popularity as a club drug to enhance the effects of alcohol and ecstasy; however overdoses by several teenagers led to FDA taking it off the market.

Answer 46

GHB (GAMMA HYDROXBUTYRATE)

Question 47

These are short acting sleep aids that have a high margin of safety and the rare overdoes deaths have occurred only when they were combined with downers

Answer 47

Z-hypnotics
Sonata
Imovane
Ambien

Question 48

This is if more than one downer drug is use, the polydrug combination can cause a much greater reaction than simply the sum effects

Answer 48

Synergism.