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Immunohematology > Exam1 > Flashcards

Exam1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define vaccination

A

Any procedure of injecting immunogenic material into the body in order to induce immunity

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2
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

process in which cells tend to move in a certain direction under stimulation of chemical substances

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3
Q

Define immunology

A

the study of the reactions of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body

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4
Q

Define opsonins

A

Serum proteins that attach to a foreign substance and help prepare it for phagocytosis

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5
Q

Define antibodies

A

group of plasma proteins that are formed as a result of exposure to a foreign substance

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6
Q

What is another term for antibodies?

A

immunoglobulins

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7
Q

Define nonsusceptibility

A

absolute protection against particular diseases associated with species characteristics

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8
Q

Define natural immunity

A

ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions

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9
Q

Define immunity

A

the condition of being resistant to infection

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10
Q

Define serology

A

study of the noncellular portion of the blood known as serum

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11
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

engulfment of cells or particulate matter by leukocytes, macrophages, and other cells

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12
Q

Define antigen

A

foreign substance that induces such an immune response

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13
Q

Describe active immunity

A

induced by the exposure to an infectious agent as a result of natural infection or through vaccination

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14
Q

Give an example of active immunity

A

vaccination

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15
Q

Describe passive immunity

A

transfer of antibodies derived from another individual

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16
Q

Give an example of passive immunity

A

mother’s milk, IVIg

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17
Q

Describe adoptive immunity

A

produced by the transfer of antigen sensitive lymphocytes from an actively immunized donor to a nonimmune recipient

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18
Q

4 examples of opsonins

A

C-reactive protein, complement components, antibodies, mannose binding proteins

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19
Q

Define lymphokines

A

end product of T-cell antigen recognition that regulates the functions of other cells and tissues

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20
Q

Define adjuvant

A

substance administered with an antigen that increases the immune response; extends the period of antigen exposure

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21
Q

Define immune tolerance

A

foreign antigen fails to elicit the formation of antibodies in the recipient by repeated exposure to the antigen

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22
Q

Where are T-lymphocytes modified?

A

thymus

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23
Q

What type of immunity are T-lymphocytes responsible for?

A

cellular immunity

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24
Q

Where are B-lymphocytes modified?

A

bone marrow

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25
Q

What type of immunity are B-lymphocytes responsible for?

A

humoral immunity

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26
Q

Which is the predominant type of lymphocyte in the blood?

A

T-lymphocytes

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27
Q

Name two types of T-cells

A

T-regulatory, T-helper, T-cytotoxic

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28
Q

Which cells differentiate into plasma cells?

A

B-lymphocytes

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29
Q

What do plasma cells secrete?

A

antibodies

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30
Q

Describe primary antibody immune response

A

occurs when individual first encounters a foreign antigen; there is a lag period before IgM appears

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31
Q

Describe secondary antibody immune response

A

occurs on second and subsequent contact with the same antigen; IgG is the dominant Ig that reaches much higher levels

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32
Q

Explain the role of memory cells

A

formed after first exposure to an antigen to be activated rapidly upon second exposure to the same antigen

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33
Q

What is the immunodeficiency disease where a decrease in IgG results in a greater susceptibility to infection?

A

acquired agammaglobulinemia

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34
Q

Describe what happens in multiple myeloma

A

Monoclonal gammopathy in which plasma cell tumors in the bone marrow overproduce a single class of immunoglobulins

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35
Q

What immunoglobulin is overproduced in 50-60% of multiple myeloma cases?

A

IgG

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36
Q

Which fragment of an immunoglobulin directs biological activity?

A

Fc fragment

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37
Q

Which fragment of an immunoglobulin possesses antigen-binding ability

A

Fab fragment

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38
Q

Which two types of immunoglobulin light chain can occur

A

Kappa or Lambda, never both

39
Q

Define epitope

A

the small part of the antigen that is recognized in an immune respons

40
Q

What is epitope also known as?

A

determinant site

41
Q

What molecular weight does an antigen have to be to be recognized?

A

10,000 Daltons or more

42
Q

What is the proper sequence of the complement cascade in the classical pathway?

A

C1 C4 C2 C3 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9

43
Q

Which complement component is the cytolytic component?

A

C8

44
Q

Which complement component accelerates the process for rapid lysis?

A

C9

45
Q

Describe IgG (6)

A

primary in the secondary immune response, cross the placenta, immunity for newborns, fixes complement, highest concentration, virus neutralizing antibodies

46
Q

Describe IgM (7)

A

first in primary response, largest, first antibody formed by infants, opsonin, fixes complement, pentameter formed by a J chain, most often formed in response to Gram negative bacteria

47
Q

Describe IgA

A

main Ig in various body secretions

48
Q

Describe IgE (5)

A

allergic reactions, eosinophils, parasitic infections, RAST test, capable of binding to receptors on mast cells and basophils

49
Q

What is IgE also called?

A

reagin

50
Q

Describe IgD

A

may play a role in B cell activation, not much else is known

51
Q

What are the two immunoglobulins that can fix complement?

A

IgG and IgM

52
Q

Which complement components are bypassed in the alternate pathway?

A

C1 C4 C2

53
Q

What is the third pathway to complement activation called?

A

Lectin pathway

54
Q

Is the Lectin pathway antibody dependent?

A

no

55
Q

What is the major constituent of Lectin pathway?

A

mannose binding lectin

56
Q

Which element holds together the C1 complement component?

A

calcium

57
Q

Which element is required for the C2 complement component to become involved in the cascade?

A

magnesium

58
Q

Which complement component is the most abundant?

A

C3

59
Q

Describe natural killer cells

A

null cells, mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure, do not express T or B cell markers

60
Q

How many Fc fragments are needed to activate complement?

A

2 Fc fragments

61
Q

Two ways to inactivate complement in a serum sample

A

Heat to 56C or age for a few weeks

62
Q

What are heterophiles antigens?

A

Exist in unrelated plats or animals but are either identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one will cross-react with antigen of the other

63
Q

Define HLA

A

antigens found on granulated leukocytes found to play a key role in the immune response

64
Q

What does HLA stand for?

A

human leukocyte antigen

65
Q

What is the system of genes that control the expression of HLA?

A

MHC

66
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

major histocompatibility complex

67
Q

Describe Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia

A

overproduction of IgM, a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that affects B-cells

68
Q

What are haptens?

A

non-immunogenic materials that, when combined with a carrier, create new antigenic determinants

69
Q

Describe Jenner’s first contribution to immunology

A

inoculated a boy with pus from a cowpox lesion, then after recover was inoculated with infections smallpox pus

70
Q

What phenomenon did Jenner’s contribution to immunology demonstrate?

A

cross-immunity

71
Q

Metchnikoff is known for first describe what process in the immune response?

A

phagocytosis

72
Q

Describe Pasteur’s work with the first attenuated vaccine

A

he found that old cultures that were weakened could still elicit an immune response but not cause the disease

73
Q

Name 5 ways the body has and uses its natural immunity

A

skin lysozymes, lactic acid, cilia, acid, normal flora, inflammation, phagocytosis, acute phase reactants, cells

74
Q

Define lysozyme

A

enzyme found in saliva and tears that attacks bacterial cell walls, especially those that are Gram positive

75
Q

Which defense mechanism is lysozyme apart of?

A

external defense system

76
Q

Describe the process of inflammation

A

increased blood supply to the area, WBC migration, appearance of acute phase reactants, and increased capillary permeability

77
Q

What is a phagolysosome?

A

structure formed by the fusion of engulfed material and enzymatic granules within the phagocytic cell

78
Q

At what point in phagocytosis is a phagolysosome formed?

A

third step

79
Q

What WBC is capable of further differentiation in the tissues?

A

monocytes

80
Q

What WBC is the primary agent in the defense of the body against parasitic infections?

A

eosinophils

81
Q

What WBC is the primary agent against bacterial infection?

A

neutrophils

82
Q

What WBC is the primary agent against viral infection?

A

lymphocytes

83
Q

How does normal flora work as a defense mechanism for the body?

A

keep pathogens from establishing themselves by competing with the pathogens for nutrients

84
Q

What area is considered to be the equivalent, in humans, as the bursa of Frabricius in birds?

A

bone marrow

85
Q

Sheep red blood cells demonstrate rosetting due to which T cell receptor?

A

CD2

86
Q

Which well-known acute phase reactant is a non-specific indicator of inflammation and is known to appear before antibodies?

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

87
Q

Which class of cells does the Epstein-Barr virus selectively invade?

A

B cells

88
Q

The CD4 antigen is found on which subset of T cells?

A

Helper T cells (T-inducer cells)

89
Q

What cells are the most potent phagocytic cells in the tissue?

A

dendritic cells

90
Q

Why do kidneys fail in blood transfusion?

A

free hemoglobin not picked up fast enough by haptoglobin

91
Q

What is C1 mainly produced?

A

intestinal epithelial cells

92
Q

Where is factor D made?

A

adipose tissue

93
Q

What two elements are required for the classical pathway?

A

Calcium and magnesium

94
Q

Define natural resistance

A

the ability of an individual to resist infection by means of normal present body functions

Immunohematology (7 decks)

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