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Immunohematology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define locus

A

location of the gene on chromosome

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2
Q

Define allele

A

one of two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome

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3
Q

Define homozygous

A

having two identical allele for a given gene

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4
Q

Define heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a given gene

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5
Q

Define dominant

A

a gene that is always expressed whether it is resent in the homo or heterozygous state

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6
Q

Define recessive

A

a gene that is expressed only when it is in the homozygous state

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7
Q

Define co-dominant

A

both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous state (AB blood)

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8
Q

What is another word for co-dominant?

A

egalitarian

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9
Q

Define amorph

A

a gene that produces no product, even in the homozygous state

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10
Q

What is another word for amorph?

A

silent allele

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11
Q

Define phenotype

A

the detectable products of genes only discovered through the description of observed traits or the result of direct testing

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12
Q

Define genotype

A

total sum of genes present on the chromosomes with respect to the one or more characteristics, regardless of whether or not they produce detectable products

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13
Q

Define zeta potential

A

decrease in the electrical charge of RBC when it is suspended in a high ionic strength colloidal medium (albumin) also decreases the repulsion of the RBCs

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14
Q

What is the job of IgG and IgM in terms of bridging the gap between RBCs?

A

IgM bridges the gap easier because they are larger than IgG

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15
Q

What is the temperature reactivity of IgG and IgM?

A

IgG reacts at 30C-37C and IgM at 4C-27C

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16
Q

What is the effect of LISS in the Ag-Ab reaction?

A

the addition of LISS will help the rate of associated between antigen and antibody; the rate is increased by lowering the ionic strength

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17
Q

What are 4 enzymes used in the blood bank?

A

ficin, papain, trypsin, and bromelin

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18
Q

What does AHG do?

A

useful in detecting IgG and complement

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19
Q

What is dosage?

A

homozygous gives stronger reactions than heterozygous

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20
Q

What is the genotype and phenotypes of Bombay?

A

genotype-hh; phenotype-Oh

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21
Q

Which precursor type substance for ABH antigens?

A

Type 2

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22
Q

Name the two stages of RBC agglutination in correct order of sequence

A

sensitization and clumping (agglutination)

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23
Q

The reverse or backside test detects the present or absence of

A

antibodies using the patient’s serum/plasma

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24
Q

The forward test detects

A

antigens in the patient’s RBC using antisera

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25
Q

Does Lewis cause HDN? Why?

A

No, because it cannot cross the placenta and because it is not fully developed in a newborn

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26
Q

What antibodies most often cause HDN?

A

Rh

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27
Q

What are you called if you have no Rh antigens?

A

Rh null

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28
Q

Are Lewis antibodies are enhanced by enzymes?

A

yes

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29
Q

Do Lewis antigens tend to become stronger during pregnancy?

A

no, they become weaker

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30
Q

Do Lewis antibodies usually occur without known RBC stimulus?

A

yes

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31
Q

T/F The Lewis system includes soluble antigens that are present in saliva and plasma with antigenic determinants occurring naturally on the RBC surface

A

False - they are made in the tissue and are not on the RBC surface

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32
Q

Do Lewis antibodies commonly cause HDN and HTR?

A

no, they cannot cross the placenta and they will convert in a transfusion

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33
Q

Was the Rh system the first to be discovered and by far the most significant for transfusion practice?

A

no, the ABO was the first to be discovered and is the most significant for transfusion

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34
Q

Do Rh Abs react more strongly at 4C than at 37C?

A

No, IgG likes 37C

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35
Q

Can Rh Abs cross the placenta?

A

yes

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36
Q

Are Rh Abs the frequent cause of HDN?

A

yes

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37
Q

Where would anti-A1 be found?

A

A2B, A3, Ax, A2

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38
Q

Where would you see mixed field agglutination with anti-A?

A

A3

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39
Q

What % of caucasians are secretors?

A

80%

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40
Q

Where would you find anti-AB antiserum?

A

Type O blood type

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41
Q

Anti-C antiserum will react with an individual with type?

A

any “C”

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42
Q

When would you do a weak D testing?

A

if the initial spin is negative for a donor

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43
Q

What would be a good indication of HDN testing?

A

serum bilirubin; DAT =; cord blood hemoglobin

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44
Q

What would you do if the DAT was positive?

A

do an elution and antibody ID

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45
Q

What is dolichos biflorus?

A

an anti-A1 lectin used to confirm the antigens on RBCs

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46
Q

Who is a good candidate for Rho-gam?

A

Rh-negative mothers who deliver Rh-positive babies

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47
Q

List the H substance demonstrated in order of decreasing reactivity.

A

O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B

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48
Q

What is Landsteiner’s Rule?

A

antibodies are present in plasma only when the corresponding antigen is not present on the RBCs

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49
Q

Why are cord cells washed?

A

to remove Wharton’s jelly

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50
Q

What are the secretor status tests used for H substance?

A

inhibition and neutralization tests

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51
Q

Why is anti-AB antiserum used in the lab?

A

detection of subgroups of A weaker than A2

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52
Q

What does R1 convert to?

A

DCe

53
Q

What does r’ convert to?

A

dCe

54
Q

What does R2 convert to?

A

DcE

55
Q

What does r” convert to?

A

dcE

56
Q

What does R0 convert to?

A

Dce

57
Q

What does r convert to?

A

dce

58
Q

What does Rz convert to?

A

DCE

59
Q

What does ry convert to?

A

dCE

60
Q

If you have MM and MN, which agglutinates more strongly? Why?

A

MM, due to the dosage effect. It affects more strongly in the homozygous state

61
Q

Will time have an effect on an antigen/antibody reaction?

A

yes

62
Q

Will over centrifugation cause a false negative in an antigen/antibody reaction?

A

no, it is more likely to give a false positive

63
Q

Is a reaction at 4C clinically significant?

A

no

64
Q

If you decrease serum:cell ratio, does it provide more antibody molecules to the antigen sites available for reaction?

A

no

65
Q

Are Lewis antibodies clinically significant?

A

no

66
Q

Can nonsecretors secrete ABO substances regardless of ABO group?

A

no

67
Q

Name two substances that can reduce the zeta potential and allow RBCs to approach each other more closely and be agglutinated.

A

albumin and LISS

68
Q

What are the some other influencing factors, besides albumin and LISS, in antigen-antibody reactions?

A

temperature; pH; centrifugation; amount of time; Ag:Ab concentration; ionic strength; dosage

69
Q

What gene is necessary for the expression of ABO genes?

A

H

70
Q

What type of specificity does the lectin Ulex europeaus have?

A

anti-H

71
Q

What type of specificity does the lectin Dolichos biflorus have?

A

anti-A

72
Q

What are the three genotypes that produce the A1 phenotype?

A

A1A1, A1A2, and A1O

73
Q

What are the possible genotypes from a mating of AB and BO individuals?

A

AB, AO, BB, BO

74
Q

What are the possible phenotypes from a mating of AB and BO individuals?

A

AB, A, B

75
Q

What is the genotype of individuals that do not inherit the H gene?

A

hh

76
Q

What is the phenotype of individuals that do not inherit the H gene?

A

Bombay

77
Q

What additional antibody do Bombay individuals possess in comparison to normal O individuals?

A

anti-H

78
Q

What is one reason why Lewis antibodies do not cause HDN?

A

the Lea and Leb Ags are not well developed at birth. anti-Lea and anti-Leb are IgM and cannot cross the placenta

79
Q

What is the Rh negative genotypes?

A

dd

80
Q

Do Rh antibodies react better at 37C than 4C?

A

yes

81
Q

Do Rh antibodies cross the placenta?

A

yes

82
Q

Do Rh antibodies frequently cause HDN?

A

yes

83
Q

Does A3 cause mixed-field agglutination?

A

yes

84
Q

Do some A2 individuals produce anti-A1?

A

yes, about 8%

85
Q

Where does anti-AB antisera come from?

A

humans with type O blood

86
Q

Is secretor testing useful for studying HDN?

A

no

87
Q

What is the purpose of Rh immune globulin?

A

to prevent sensitization of the Rh negative mother to the baby’s Rh positive blood

88
Q

How do you truly designate Rh negative?

A

blood will not react with anti-D and proceed to weak D testing

89
Q

Is A1 lectin useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?

A

no

90
Q

Is boiled saliva useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?

A

yes

91
Q

Is Ulex eruopaeus extract useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?

A

yes

92
Q

Are A cells useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?

A

no

93
Q

Are O cells useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?

A

yes

94
Q

Why are O cells useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?

A

increased H antigen sites

95
Q

What causes HDN to occur?

A

maternal cells lack antigen that fetal cells have, which causes sensitization

96
Q

What population is reverse ABO grouping inadequate in?

A

newborns

97
Q

What are the antisera used in detecting Rh?

A

anti-D, anti-C, anti-E, anti-c, anti-e

98
Q

What is another name for F antigen?

A

compound antigen

99
Q

What is present when F antigen is expressed on RBCs?

A

c and e inherited on the same haplotype

100
Q

Will Dce react with anti-F?

A

yes

101
Q

With R1R1 (DCe/DCe) individuals, if given dce, what antibody will most likely form?

A

anti-c

102
Q

Which blood group reacts most strongly with anti-H lectin (Ulex europaeus)?

A

group O

103
Q

List the five common antisera used in the determination of the probably genotypes in the Rh system.

A

anti-C, anti-E, anti-D, anti-c, anti-e

104
Q

The gene complex which could produce a RBC antigen that reacts with anti-f has both __ and __ on the same gene.

A

c and e

105
Q

An individual who lacks all Rh Ags on their RBCs is called.

A

Rh null

106
Q

What Ig class bridges the gap between RBCs because it is bigger than IgG?

A

IgM

107
Q

What Ig class reacts better at cooler temperatures?

A

IgM

108
Q

What Ig class reacts better at warmer temperatures?

A

IgG

109
Q

What reagent will help rate of association of antibody?

A

LISS

110
Q

Reverse detects presence or absence of?

A

antibody using serum or plasma; antigen using RBC

111
Q

How is Fisher-Race explained?

A

explains that there are three loci for three different genes

112
Q

How is Weiner explained?

A

says there are three genes from one loci

113
Q

What is the MCA-PSV?

A

noninvasive test to see if fetus is anemic

114
Q

What does Wharton’s jelly cause?

A

can cause a false positive

115
Q

What is most often implicated in HDFN?

A

Rh

116
Q

What type of linkage are Type 1 precursors?

A

1 to 3

117
Q

Where are Type 1 precursors found?

A

plasma

118
Q

What type of linkage are Type 2 precursors?

A

1 to 4

119
Q

Where are Type 2 precursors found?

A

RBCs

120
Q

What sugar comprises the H antigen?

A

fucose

121
Q

What sugar comprises the A antigen?

A

N-acetylgalactosamine

122
Q

What sugar comprises the B antigen?

A

galactose

123
Q

What subgroup of A is most likely to produce anti-A1?

A

A3

124
Q

What are some enhancement media?

A

LISS, PEG, and albumin

125
Q

What are alloAb?

A

come from exposure to something you don’t have

126
Q

What are some invasive risks in testing for HDFN?

A

infection, increased sensitization of mother, induction of premature labor

127
Q

What is DAT?

A

detects antibodies and/or complement in vivo

128
Q

What is IAT?

A

detects antibodies and/or complement in vitro

129
Q

What is the most common Lewis antibody?

A

anti-Leb

Immunohematology (7 decks)

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