Exam VI Flashcards
Autonomic nuerotransmitters pg 564
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve endings secrete one of two neurotransmitters: actetylcholine or norepinephrine. If the neuron secretes acetylcholine, it is called a cholinergic neuron; if it secretes nonrepinephrine, it is called an adrenergic neuron.
All preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic . All postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are also cholinergic. Almost all postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are adrenergic, but a few postganglionic neurons that innervate themoregulatory sweat glands are cholinergic.
Body responses of the sympathetic division? pg 562
Sympathetic division plays a major role during rest by maintaining blood pressure and body temperature. During physical exercise the sypathetic divsion shunts blood and nutrients to structures that are active and decreases the activity of the nonessential organs, sometimes called the flight-or-fight response.
Causes:
1: Increased heart rate and force of contraction and increase pressure and movement of blood.
2. Vasodilation of blood vessel of muscle occurs during exercise. It is beneficial because it increases blood flow, bringing needed oxygen and nutrients and removing wastes.
3. Vasoconstriction occurs in blood vessels of tissues not involved in the exercise.
4. Dilation of air passageways increases airflow into and out of the lungs.
5. Increased breakdown of stored energy sources occurs during exercise.
6. Body temperature increases as exersing muscles generate heat.
7. During exercise, the activities of nonessential organs decrease.
The neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction
quizlet/glossary
Skeletal muscle cells contract as a result of impulses from motor neurons. The place where a motor neuron stimulates a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction
The specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
What does a somatic motor pathway look like?
Google it
Division of ANS (Sweat glands, Hair follicles)
pg 469
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Sensory modality of a single nerve
Internet/ pg 466
Ask anyone what the senses are, and they are likely to list the five major senses—taste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight. However, these are not all of the senses. The most obvious omission from this list is balance. Also, what is referred to simply as touch can be further subdivided into pressure, vibration, stretch, and hair-follicle position, on the basis of the type of mechanoreceptors that perceive these touch sensations. Other overlooked senses include temperature perception by thermoreceptors and pain perception by nociceptors.
Within the realm of physiology, senses can be classified as either general or specific. A general sense is one that is distributed throughout the body and has receptor cells within the structures of other organs. Mechanoreceptors in the skin, muscles, or the walls of blood vessels are examples of this type. General senses often contribute to the sense of touch, as described above, or to proprioception (body movement) and kinesthesia (body movement), or to a visceral sense, which is most important to autonomic functions. A special sense is one that has a specific organ devoted to it, namely the eye, inner ear, tongue, or nose.
Each of the senses is referred to as a sensory modality. Modality refers to the way that information is encoded, which is similar to the idea of transduction. The main sensory modalities can be described on the basis of how each is transduced. The chemical senses are taste and smell. The general sense that is usually referred to as touch includes chemical sensation in the form of nociception, or pain. Pressure, vibration, muscle stretch, and the movement of hair by an external stimulus, are all sensed by mechanoreceptors. Hearing and balance are also sensed by mechanoreceptors. Finally, vision involves the activation of photoreceptors.
Exteroreceptors
In glossary/Quizlet
Sensory receptor in the skin or mucous membranes that responds to stimulation by external agents or forces.
Recieve sensory information from outside of the body. Examples: Visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory
Interoceptors
Quizlet
Recieve sensory information from inside the body. Detect internal body sensation. Examples:from the viscera (hollow organs), stomach pain, pinched spinal nerves, and deep skin inflammation
Propriocepters
pg 467/glossary/quizlet
Sensory recpter associated with joints and tendons.
Unconscious information recieved. Detect body position in space and movement. Located in the muscles, tendons, and joints inside the body and semicircular canals of the inner ear
Nociceptors
pg 467
AKA pain receptors. Respond to extreme mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli. Almost sensory receptors typically respond to one type of stimulus, but some nociceptors respond to more than one.
Muscle spindles
pg 469
Consists of 3-10 specialized muscle fibers that are located in skeletal muscles; they provide information about the length of the muscle. Muscle spindles are important to the control and tone of postural muscles.
Flight or Fight- body responses
pg 562
Causes:
1: Increased heart rate and force of contraction and increase pressure and movement of blood.
2. Vasodilation of blood vessel of muscle occurs during exercise. It is beneficial because it increases blood flow, bringing needed oxygen and nutrients and removing wastes.
3. Vasoconstriction occurs in blood vessels of tissues not involved in the exercise.
4. Dilation of air passageways increases airflow into and out of the lungs.
5. Increased breakdown of stored energy sources occurs during exercise.
6. Body temperature increases as exersing muscles generate heat.
7. During exercise, the activities of nonessential organs decrease.
Events in the process of sensation
quizlet
- Stimulation of the sensory receptor. 2. Transduction of the stimulus. 3. Generation of nerve impulses. 4. Integration of sensory input.
