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Anatomy & Physiology 168 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Mass

A

Amount of matter in an object

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2
Q

Weight

A

Gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass

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3
Q

Four most abundant elements in humans

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen

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4
Q

Characteristics of atoms

A

Smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element. Composed of subatomic particles (protons, electrons, neutrons). Most of the volume of an atom is occupied by electrons in the electron cloud

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5
Q

Element

A

Simplest type of matter, composed of only one kind of atom and has unique chemical properties

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6
Q

Protons

A

Positively charge particles in the nucleus

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7
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutrally charged particles in the nucleus

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8
Q

Electrons

A

Negative charge particles within the shells of an atom

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9
Q

Mass number

A

Number of protons + neutrons in each atom

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10
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in each atom (also the same amount of electrons)

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11
Q

Isotope

A

Another form of the same element that has the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons (same ATOMIC NUMBER but different MASS NUMBER)

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12
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

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13
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charge ion

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14
Q

Ionic Bonding

A

Electrons are completely transferred to another atom

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15
Q

Covalent Bonding

A

Electrons are shared between atoms. Single, double, and triple covalent bonds

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16
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

Electrons are shared equally between atoms

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17
Q

Polar

A

Electrons are not shared equally between atoms (Ex: H2o)

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18
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms chemically bonded together to forma structure that behaves as an independent unit

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19
Q

Compound

A

A substance composed of 2 or more DIFFERENT types of atoms

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20
Q

Denature

A

Process that destroys the characteristic properties of a protein or other biological macromolecule by heat, acidity, or other effects that disrupt its molecular conformation

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21
Q

Electrolytes

A

Cations and anions that dissociate in water and have the capacity to conduct electric currents

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22
Q

Non-electrolyte

A

Solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water but do not dissociate and do not conduct electricity (Ex: pure water)

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23
Q

Saturated Fats

A

Do not contain double carbons bonds in the fatty acids. Are solid in room temperature

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24
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

Have double carbon bonds in the fatty acids. Are liquid in room temperature

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25
Q

pH Scale

A

Percent hydrogen. Refers to the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution (0-14)

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26
Q

Acidity

A

<7 on the pH scale. Proton donor or any substance that released hydrogen ions

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27
Q

Alkalinity

A

7< on the pH scale. Proton acceptor or any substance that binds (accepts) hydrogen ions. Release hydroxide ions when they dissociate

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28
Q

Buffer

A

Chemicals that resist changes in pH

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29
Q

pH of blood

A

7.4

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30
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Decomposition reaction (catabolism). Water splits into 2 parts that contribute to the formation of products. Ex: Breakdown of ATP to form ADP and a phosphate group

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31
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A 
Synthesis reaction (anabolism). 2 or more reactants chemically combine to form a new &amp; larger product
Ex: ADP and a phosphate group to ATP
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32
Q

Activation Energy

A

The energy required to start a reaction

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33
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy store within chemical bonds. Energy that could do work if released by the breaking of chemical bonds

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34
Q

Chemical energy

A

Form of potential energy in the chemical bonds of a substance

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35
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteinaceous catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

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36
Q

Catalyst

A

Substances that increase the rate of reaction without being permanently depleted or changed

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37
Q

ATP

A

Energy currency of the body; provides energy for chemical reactions and drives cellular processes. Produced by the mitochondria during cellular respiration. It is a nucleotide composed of adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups

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38
Q

Protein

A

C, H, O, N & sometimes S, P, Fe, I. Monomers are amino acids which form covalent bonds (peptide bonds) during protein synthesis. 4 Structures of proteins

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39
Q

Carbohydrate

A

C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio. Energy sources and structure. Monomers are monosaccharides. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals. Starch is the storage form in plants. Cellulose is the structural component in plants.

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40
Q

Lipids

A

C, H, O in no ratio. Formed by triglycerides (glycerol and 3 fatty acids). Protection, insulation, regulation, vitamins, structure, and energy

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41
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

C, H, O, N, P. DNA/RNA. Monomers are nucleotides. Composed of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

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42
Q

Phospholipid

A

Phosphate head and fatty acid tails. Predominant lipid in the plasma membrane, along with cholesterol. Phospholipids readily assemble to form the lipid bilayer

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43
Q

Cell Theory

A

3 Tenets: Cells are the basic unit of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells, and all living organisms are composed of one or more cells

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44
Q

Metabolism

A

Collective term used for the sum of all of the anabolic & catabolic reactions that occur in the body

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45
Q

Light Microscope

A

Uses focused light and lenses to magnify a specimen

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46
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

Type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons

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47
Q

Extracellular

A

Outside of the cell

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48
Q

Intracellular

A

Within the cell

49
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Collection of glycolipids and glycoproteins and carbs on the surface of the cell membrane

50
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer. Composed on hydrophilic polar heads and hydrophobic tails along with proteins, lipids, & other molecules

51
Q

Fluid-Mosaic Model

A

Describes the plasma membrane as neither rigid nor static in structure. It is highly flexible and able to change shape and composition

52
Q

Channel Proteins

A

A type of transport protein. One or more integral proteins are arrange so that they form a tiny channel through the plasma membrane

53
Q

Ligand

A

Any chemical signal molecule used by cells to communicate with each other

54
Q

Ligand-Gated ion channels

A

Type of channel protein that opens in response to small molecules that bind to proteins & glycoproteins

55
Q

Active Transport

A

Type of transport which requires the expenditure of ATP

56
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

A type of passive transport which requires a protein carrier

57
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Type of vesicular transport (endocytosis). Ingestion of solid particles

58
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Type of vesicular transport (endocytosis). Ingests certain molecules that are dissolved in liquid

59
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water. Aquaporins in the cell membrane

60
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cellulare material outside the nucleus but within the plasma membrane. Composed of cytosol and organelles

61
Q

Organelle

A

Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell

62
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis. Consists of RNA and is composed of a large and small subunit. Can be found free floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

63
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

Primarily synthesize proteins used in the cell

64
Q

Attached Ribosomes

A

Produce integral proteins and proteins that are secreted from the cell

65
Q

Lysosome

A

Type of secretory vesicle which contains hydrolytic enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems. Digests organelles that are no longer functional (autophagy)

66
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle within the cell. Consists of the nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, and the nucleolus. DNA is housed here

67
Q

Nucleolus

A

The nucleolus is the nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells

68
Q

Mitochondria

A

Membrane bound organelle within the cell. Contains DNA and ribosomes. Consists of an outer membrane, inner membrane (cristae and matrix)

69
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Consists of broad, flattened, interconnecting sacs & tubules. Has no ribosomes, manufactures lipids and carbs. Participates in detoxifications

70
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Consists of broad, flattened, interconnecting sacs & tubules. Has ribosomes attached. Proteins are produce & modified for use as integral proteins & secretion into the extracellular space

71
Q

Hemolysis

A

Bursting of an erythrocyte

72
Q

Crenation

A

Shriveling of a cell

73
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Consists of cells far apart/separated by abundant extracellular matrix. Encloses and separates other tissues, connects tissues to each other, support & movement of body parts, stores compounds, transport and protection.

74
Q

Cells of connective tissues

A
  • blast cells that create matric
  • cyte cells that maintain matrix
  • clast cells that breakdown and rebuild matrix
75
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Consists of 3 parts: protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid

76
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A

Embryonic: Mesenchyme and Mucous connective tissue
Adult: Connective tissue proper (dense/loose), supporting (cartilage and bone), fluid (blood)

77
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers & protects surfaces on the inside & outside of the body. Composed of cells with very little extracellular matrix between them. Have distinct cell surfaces (apical/free, lateral, basal). Capable of regeneration. Protects underlying structures, acts as a barrier, permits passage of substances, secretes and absorbs substances

78
Q

Classification of Epithelium

A

Classified according to the number of layers and cell shape of superficial cells

79
Q

Simple

A

One Layer

80
Q

Stratified

A

Many layers

81
Q

Types of cell shapes in epithelial tissue

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

82
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Diffusion, filtration. Lining of blood vessels & hearts, lymphatic vessels (endothelium), alveoli, lining of serous membranes (mesothelium), inner surface of the tympanic membrane

83
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Secretion & absorption by cells of glands and choroid plexuses of brain. Lining of terminal bronchioles of lungs, surfaces of ovaries, parts of kidney tubules, glands & their ducts

84
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Movement of particles out of the bronchioles by ciliated cells. Partially responsible for the movement of oocytes. Found in glands & some ducts, bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, bile ducts, gallbladder, and ventricles of the brain

85
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Protects against abrasion, barrier against infection, and reduction of water loss. Can be keratinized (primarily in the skin cutaneous) or nonkeratinized (moist, mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, corner, inferior urethra)

86
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Secretion & Absorption, protection against infection. Sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, and salivary gland ducts

87
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Protection & secretion. mammary gland ducts, larynx, portion of the male urethra

88
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Synthesizes & secretes mucus to the free surfaces, moves music the contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface & from passages. Lining of the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of the lungs

89
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Stratified cells that appear cube-shapers when the organ or tube is not stretch & squamous when it is stretched by fluid. Accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid in organs or tubes; protects against the caustic effects of urine. Lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra

90
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Able to conduct electrical signals (action potentials). Consists of neurons and neuroglia. Controls & coordinates body movements

91
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell. Has 3 parts: cell body, dendrites, axon

92
Q

Cell body of Neuron

A

Contains the nucleus

93
Q

Dendrites

A

Usually receive action potentials, have multiple branches & are shorter than axons

94
Q

Axon

A

Usually conduct action potentials away from the body, have a consistent diameter along their entire length & can be much longer than dendrites

95
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Single axon, multiple dendrites

96
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Single dendrite and axon

97
Q

Pseudo-unipolar neurons

A

Single short process that extends from the cell body and then divides into 2 branches

98
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support cells of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Protect, nourish and insulate neurons

99
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

Contracts and shortens (movement). 3 types: cardiac, skeletal, smooth

100
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Cylindrical cells with striations and single nucleus centrally located. Connected by intercalated discs. Pumps blood & is under involuntary control

101
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Long cylindrical cells, multinucleate & peripherally located nuclei. Striated and under voluntary control. Attached to bones

102
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Spindle shaped cells with single nucleus centrally located. In the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, skin. NO STRIATIONS and under involuntary control.

103
Q

Matrix

A

The material (or tissue) in animal or plant cells, in which more specialized structures are embedded. Intracellular and extracellular matrices

104
Q

How is epithelium classified?

A

By shape of superficial cells and the number of layers

105
Q

Osteoblast

A

Form bone

106
Q

Osteocyte

A

Maintains bone

107
Q

Osteoclast

A

Breaks down bone

108
Q

Chondroblast

A

Form cartilage

109
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Maintain cartilage

110
Q

Hyaluronic Acid

A

Anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues. It is unique among glycosaminoglycans in that it is nonsulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi apparatus, and can be very large, with its molecular weight often reaching the millions. One of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, hyaluronan contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration. Binding, support, protection, and insulation

111
Q

Hyaluronic Acid

A

Found within the synovial fluids of synovial membranes. Makes the fluid slippery, facilitating smooth movement

112
Q

Tissue Membranes

A

Thin sheet of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity. Most membranes are formed from superficial epithelial tissue & the connective tissue on which it rests. 4 types: Cutaneous (external), Mucous, Synovial, Serous (all 3 are internal)

113
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

Lines cavities & canals that open to the outside of the body. Protection, absorption, secretion

114
Q

Serous Membrane

A

Lines cavities & organs that DO NOT open to the exterior of the body. Secretes serous fluid. Visceral and parietal membranes protect from friction, act as selectively permeable membranes, and prevent large accumulations of fluids within the serous cavities

115
Q

Inflammation

A

The response that occurs when tissues are damaged

116
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Mobilizes the body’s defense, isolates & destroys microorganism & injurious agents, foreign materials and dead cells so tissue repair can proceed

117
Q

Symptoms of Inflammation

A

Redness (vasodilation), Heat (due to increased blood flow), Swelling (tissues swell, producing edema), Pain (nerve endings are stimulated by damage and swelling)

118
Q

Neutrophil

A

Phagocytic leukocytes that ingest bacteria and debris to clear the area for tissue repair

Anatomy & Physiology 168 (10 decks)

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