Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 168 > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skin

A

Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production, excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial layer, stratified squamous epithelial tissue. Reduces water loss and resists abrasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Uppermost layer of the dermis. It intertwines with the rete ridges of the epidermis and is composed of fine and loosely arranged collagen fibers. Composed of loose areolar connective tissue. ontains blood vessels that Supplies the overlying epidermis with oxygen and nutrients, remove waste products, and aid in regulating body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dermis

A

Underneath the epidermis, layer of connective tissue, strength of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypodermis/Subcutaneous tissue

A

Layer of loose connective tissue deep to the dermis that connects skin to underlying bone or muscle. Not a part of the integumentary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Avascular layer

A

Epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Part of the immune system and function in immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dermal papillae

A

Small, nipple-like extensions of the dermis into the epidermis. At the surface of the skin in hands and feet, they appear as epidermal or papillary ridges (fingerprints)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Most abundant in the skin and produces the protein mixture keratin which makes cells more durable and waterproof

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Keratinization

A

Movement of keratinocytes from the deepest layer of the epidermis to the surface. As the move to the surface, keratinocytes chase shape and chemical composition. Eventually, they reach the epidermis and slough off

Where the keratinocytes fill up with the protein keratin and in so doing cause both the cell’s nucleus and organelles to disintegrate and the cell starts to die; not complete until the cells reach the more superficial epidermal layers; a fully keratinized cell is dead (no nucleus or organelles) but it is structurally strong because of the keratin it contains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does mitosis occur in the skin?

A

Mitosis occurs exclusively at the basal cell layer and allows for the replacement of cells lost from the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Order of epidermal strata from deepest to most superficial

A

Stratum basale (germinative), stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucid, stratum corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stratum basale

A

Deepest layer of the epidermis. Single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells. Keratinocytes stem cells undergo mitotic division. Epidermis is anchored to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

8-10 layers of many sided cells. As cells are pushed to the surface, they flatten and desmosomes break apart & form new ones. Cells shrink except where they’re attached to desmosomes which make they appear spiny. Keratin fibers and lamellar bodies form inside the keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

2-5 layers of slightly flattened, diamond-shaped cells. Long axes of these cells are parallel to the surface of the skin. Presence of protein granules (keratohyalin) which accumulate in cytoplasm of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Thin, clear zone above the stratum granulosum. Several layers of dead cells with distinct boundaries. Keratin fibers are present but keratohyalin has dispersed. Cells appear slightly transparent. Only present in thick skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Most superficial start of the epidermis. 25+ layers of dead, overlapping squamous cells joined by desmosomes. Cells have hard envelopes filled with keratin (cornfield cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Soft keratin

A

Found in the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hard keratin

A

Found in nails and external parts of the hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is skin classified? (thin or thick)

A

Classified based on the structure of the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Thick skin

A

Has 5 strata, stratum corner has many layers. Includes the stratum lucidum and is found on palms, soles of feet, and fingertips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thin skin

A

More flexible, has hair, each strata contains fewer lays of cells than in thick skin. Stratum granulosum frequently consists of only 1-2 layers of cells and the stratum lucid is generally absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Melanocyte

A

Irregularly shaped cells with many long processes that extend between the keratinocytes of the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum. Melanocytes produce and package melanin into vesicles called melanosomes, which move into cell processes of the melanocytes and contributes to skin color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cyanosis

A

A decrease in blood flow, makes the skin appear pale. A decrease in the blood oxygen content produces cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow pigment found in plants such as corn and carrots. Lipid soluble. Excess amounts can accumulate in the stratum corner and in the adipocytes of the dermis/hypodermis and gives the skin a yellowish tint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Melanosome

A

Melanosomes are produced by the Golgi apparatus of the melanocyte. Vesicles of melanin packaged and produced by melanocytes. Eventually move into cell processes of melanocytes and are phagocytized by keratinocytes

27
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels

28
Q

Reticular layer

A

Composed of dense irregular connective tissue, is the main layer of the dermis. It is continuous with the subcutaneous tissue and forms a mat of irregularly arranged fibers that are resistant to stretching in many directions. The elastic and collagen fibers are oriented more in some directions than in others and produce cleavage lines (tension lines) in the skin

29
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

Types of connective (loose) tissue found in the dermis and hypodermis. Binds the skin the underlying muscle or bone

30
Q

Types of fibers in areolar tissue

A

Consists of a meshwork of collagen, elastic tissue, and reticular fibres - with many connective tissue cells in between the meshwork of fibers

Collagen Fibers
Elastic Fibers
Reticular Fibers

31
Q

Hair

A

Presence of hair is a characteristic of mammals. Found everywhere on skin except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and external genitalia

32
Q

Lanugo

A

Delicate, unpigmented hair that covers the fetus by the 5-6 month of fetal development

33
Q

Terminal hair

A

Long, coarse, pigmented hairs that replace the lanugo of the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelids near the time of birth

34
Q

Vellus hair

A

Short, fine, usually unpigmented hairs that replace lanugo. During puberty, terminal hair replaces vellus hairs

35
Q

Shaft

A

Division of a hair. Protrudes above the surface of the skin. Most of the root and the shaft are composed of columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells arranged in three concentric layers

36
Q

Root

A

Division of a hair. Located below the surface. Most of the root and the shaft are composed of columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells arranged in three concentric layers

37
Q

Hair bulb

A

Base of the hair roof that is an expanded knob. Contains a mass of undifferentiated epithelial cells (matrix)

38
Q

Medulla

A

Innermost concentric layer of the hair. Central axis which consists of 2-3 layers of cells containing soft keratin

39
Q

Cortex

A

Surrounds the medulla and forms the bulk of the hair. Contains hard keratin

40
Q

Cuticle

A

Covers the cortex. It is a single layer of cells containing hair keratin. The edges of the cuticle resemble shingles of a roof

41
Q

Hair follicle

A

Tubelike invagination of the epidermis that extends to the dermis. A hair grows within each follicle. Consists of a dermal root sheath and an epithelial root sheath

42
Q

Matrix

A

Within the hair bulb and contains a mass of undifferentiated epithelial cells

43
Q

Hair papilla

A

Dermis of the skin projects into the hair bulb. Contains blood vessels that provide nourishment to the cells of the matrix

44
Q

Arrector pili

A

Smooth muscle cells associated with each follicle. Extend from the dermal root sheath to the papillary layer of the dermis. When they contract, they pull the follicle in a more perpendicular position to produce raised areas (goosebumps)

45
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Located in the dermis. Simple or compound alveolar glands that produce sebum and are usually connected to a duct to the upper part of the hair follicles. Prevents drying and protects against some bacteria

46
Q

The two types of sudoriferous glands

A

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands

47
Q

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

A

Most common. Simple, coiled, tubular glands that open directly onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores. Deep coiled part is in the dermis and the duct passes to the skin surface. Produces sweat in response to a rise in body temperature and emotional stress

48
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Simple, coiled tubular glands that usually open into hair follicles superficial to the opening of the sebaceous glands. Found in axillae, scrotum, labia major, and around the anus. DO NOT HELP IN TEMPERATURE REGULATION. Become active during puberty due to sex hormones and cause body odor

49
Q

Nail

A

Thin plate consisting of layers of dead stratum corner cells that contain hard keratin. Consists of the proximal nail root and distal nail body (visible part)

50
Q

Nail bed

A

Composed of epithelial tissue with a stratum basal that gives rise to the cells that form the nail. It is visible and appears pink because of the blood vessels in the dermis

51
Q

Hyponychium

A

Beneath the nail body. Thickened region of the stratum corneum

52
Q

How is heat conserved by the dermis?

A

Arterioles in the dermis constrict and less warm blood flows from the deeper structures to the skin, decreasing heat loss

53
Q

Vitamin D

A

Functions as a hormone involved in the regulation of calcium homeostasis. Stimulates the uptake of calcium and phosphate from the intestines. Adequate levels of these minerals are necessary for normal bone metabolism, nerve & muscle function

54
Q

Vitamin D synthesis

A

Begins with the exposure to UV light. Precursor molecule 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted into cholecalciferol which is released into the blood & modified by liver and kidneys. Hydroxide ions are added and calcitriol if formed

55
Q

Third degree burn symptoms

A

Also known as full thick burns. Epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed and deeper tissue may be involved. Usually painless because sensory receptors are destroyed. Appear white, tan, brown, black, or deep cherry red. Usually surrounded by 1/2nd degree burns

56
Q

First degree burn symptoms

A

Partial thickness burn. Involves only the epidermis. Redness, pain, slight edema.

57
Q

Second degree burn symptoms

A

Partial thickness burn. Damage to the epidermis and dermis. Minimal damage results in redness, pain, edema, blisters without scarring
If the burn is deeper within the dermis, the wound appears white, tan, or red. Takes months to heal and scars

58
Q

Second degree burn

A

In all second degree burns, the epidermis regenerates fro epithelial tissue in hair follicles, sweat glands, and edges of the wound

59
Q

How does aging affect the skin?

A

Skin is more easily damage because the epidermis thins, amount of collagen in dermis decreases. Also more prone to skin infections, skin repair is slower. Decrease in the number of elastic fibers in dermis, loss of adipose tissue in the hypodermis causes skin to sage and wrinkle. Sebaceous glands activity decreases and skin becomes drier

60
Q

Why are keratinocytes packed so tightly?

A

To reduce water loss and prevent microorganisms from entering. Creates a barrier from the external environment

61
Q

Contents of subcutaneous tissue

A

Consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. The main types of cells within the subcutaneous tissue are fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages

62
Q

How does melanin work?

A

Group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, eye color. Provides protection against UV light. Large amounts are found in freckles, moles, nipples, axillae, genitalia. Melanin production is determined by sun exposure, genetics, and hormones

63
Q

How does hair color work?

A

Melanocytes within the hair bulb matrix produce melanin and pass it to keratinocytes in the hair cortex and medulla. Varying amounts and types of melanin cause different shades of hair color. Blonde hair has little black-brown melanin, whereas jet black hair has the most. Intermediate amounts of melanin account for different shades of brown. Red hair is caused by varying amounts of a red type of melanin. Hair sometimes contains both black-brown and red melanin. With age, the amount of melanin in hair can decrease, causing hair color to fade or become white. Gray hair is usually a mixture of unfaded, faded, and white hairs. Hair color is controlled by several genes, and dark hair color is not necessarily dominant over light

Anatomy & Physiology 168 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions