Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 168 > Exam III > Flashcards

Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

Tendon

A

A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ligament

A

A short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint to keep them stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Body support, organ protection, body movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Come from embryonic messenchymal cells. Produce bone matrix and fibers surrounding themselves, are entrapped in small spaces and turn into chondrocytes when the matrix has fully surrounded it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Rounded cell that occupies a space within the lacunae of the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Has a dense arrangement of cartilage fibers that are arranged in an orderly manner. Numerous chondrocytes are located within their lacunae and are spaced between the fibers. Fibrocartilage is primarily composed of type I collagen, and is located in areas like the intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis. This is the strongest kind of cartilage, because it has alternating layers of hyaline cartilage matrix and thick layers of dense collagen fibres oriented in the direction of functional stresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most abundant type of cartilage in the body, a type of connective tissue. A precursor of bone. Growth in bone length and repair often involve making hyaline cartilage first, then replacing it with bone. High in collagen, helps hold the body together. Provides support and flexibility to different parts of the body. It is found in structures like the nose and areas where the ends of the ribs attach to the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage provides strength, and elasticity, and maintains the shape of certain structure such as the external ear. It has a perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Main mineral of bone & teeth. Inorganic, basically a calcium phosphate crystal. Gives bones weight bearing strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Collagen

A

Makes up the osteoid with ground substance, gives the matrix flexible strength (tensile strength)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cells, have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes. Produce the osteoid (produces collagen and proteoglycans). Also release matrix vesicles which contain high amounts of calcium and phosphate ions. Ossification of new bone by osteoblasts occurs by appositional growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Osteocyte

A

Once an osteoblast has secreted enough bone matrix to become surrounded by it, it is referred to as an osteocyte. Mature bone cell formed from osteoblasts. Retain their connections to neighboring osteocytes through their cell extensions. An osteocyte occupies the space without matrix (lacunae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Osteoclast

A

Massive, multi-nucleated, bone-destroying cells. Made of about 50 monocytes fused. Perform resorption of bone that mobilizes calcium and phosphate ions used in metabolic processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bone matrix

A

The intercellular substance of the bone tissue; comprised of organic (collagen and proteoglycans) and inorganic substances (mainly hydroxyapatite). Gives bone tensile strength and weight bearing strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ruffled border

A

The osteoclast cell membrane differentiates into the ruffled border after coming in contact with the bone surface. Specialized reabsorption-specific area of the membrane where acidic vesicles fuse into.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces without matrix occupied by the osteocyte cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Canaliculi

A

Spaces occupied by osteocyte cell extensions. The extensions form a mold around which the matrix is formed and the extensions of osteocytes are in contact with one another through the canaliculi. Filled with extracellular fluid and lead to the lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Woven bone

A

As bone formation progresses, the newly formed bone goes through several stages. First type of bone that osteoblasts form during ossification. Fairly weak and the collagen fibers are randomly orientated in many directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Process of removing old bone and adding new bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lamellar bone

A

Mature bone that is organized into thin, concentric layers approximately 3-9 micrometers thick. Collagen fibers of one lamella lie parallel to one another, but at an angle to the collagen fibers in the adjacent lamellae. Osteocytes, within their lacunae are arranged in layers sandwiched between the lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How can bone be classified?

A

According to the amount of bone matrix relative to the amount of space within the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Spongy/Trabecular/Cancellous bone

A

Appears porous, has less bone matrix, has more space than compact bone. Appears porous, consists of trabeculae. Between the trabeculae are spaces that are eventually filled in with bone marrow and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Trabeculae

A

Interconnecting rods/plates of bone. Oriented along the lines of mechanical stress within a bone. If the force on a bone is changed slightly, the trabeculae pattern realigns with the new lines of stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Compact/Cortical bone

A

More matrix and less space than spongy bone. compact and dense. Blood vessels enter the substance of the bone itself and the lamellae are primarily oriented around those blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Osteon/Haversian system

A

Functional unit of a long bone, composed of concentric rings of matrix which surround the central canal and contain osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Central canal

A

4-20 concentric lamellae form the rings. Vessels run parallel to the long axis of the bone and are contained here. Lined with endosperm and contain blood vessels, nerves, loose connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Volkmann/Perforating/Transverse canal

A

Inside osteons, run perpendicular, connect adjacent osteons. Blood vessels from the periosteum or medullary cavity enter the bone through Volkmann canals. Are not surround by concentric lamellae, but pass through the concentric lamellae of osteons. Central canals receive blood vessels from Volkmann canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Central/Haversian canal

A

Tiny longitudinal canals in bone tissue, averaging about 0.05 mm in diameter. Each contains blood vessels, connective tissue, nerve filaments, and occasionally lymphatic vessels. The canals are interconnected and part of an intricate network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lamella

A

A thin layer, membrane, scale, or platelike tissue or part, especially in bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 3 types of lamellae?

A

Concentric, circumferential, and interstitial lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Circular layers of bone matrix that surround the central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Form the outer surface of compact bone. Thin plates that extend around the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Periosteum

A

Double layered connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of the bone except where articular cartilage is present. Ligaments and tendons attach to bone through the periosteum. Blood vessels & nerves from the periosteum supply the bone. This is also where the bone grows in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Endosteum

A

Connective tissue membrane lining the inner bone cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bone. The primary center of ossification is in here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Epiphyseal plate/Growth plate

A

Area of hyaline cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis. Cartilage growth occurs here, followed by endochondrial ossification which results in growth in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

As bone achieve adult size, growth in length ceases because the epiphyseal plate has ossified and becomes a line

39
Q

Epiphysis

A

Part of the bone that develops from a center of ossification distinct from the diaphysis. Rounded end of a long bone

40
Q

Red marrow

A

Connective tissue in spaces of spongy bone and the medullary cavity. Site of blood cell production

41
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Large cavity within the diaphysis filled with marrow

42
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Fat stored within the medullary cavity or in spaces of spongy bone

43
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

The production of all types of blood cells including formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells. Prenatally, hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sack, then in the liver, and lastly in the bone marrow. In the normal situation, hematopoiesis in adults occurs in the bone marrow

44
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Within joints, ends of long bones are covered with hyaline cartilage which reduce the friction between bones

45
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

Matrix of connective tissue consisting of bundles of strong predominantly type I collagen fibres connecting periosteum to bone. They are part of the outer fibrous layer of periosteum, entering into the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae of bone tissue.

Sharpey’s fibres are also used to attach muscle to the periosteum of bone by merging with the fibrous periosteum and underlying bone

46
Q

How are bones classified?

A

Individual bones are classified according to shape

47
Q

4 shapes of bones

A

Long (femur, metacarpals), flat (some skull bones, ribs, scapulae, sternum), irregular (vertebrae, facial bones), and short bones which was round or nearly cube shapes (tarsals, carpals)

48
Q

Intramembranous formation

A

Bones form from pre-existing connective tissue membranes. Bone forms directly within the mesenchyme arranged in sheet-like layers that resemble membranes. Intramembranous ossification of the membrane begins around 8 weeks of embryonic development and is completed by age 2. Some skull bones, part of the mandible, and the diaphyses of clavicles are developed by intramembranous ossification. Initially produces woven bone which is remodeled into lamellar bone

49
Q

Endochondral formation

A

Bone forms from a pre-existing cartilage model. Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone. Mesenchymal cell aggregation (chondroblast to hyaline cartilage model) Interstitial growth. Initially produces woven bone which is remodeled into lamellar bone. Chrondroblasts produce a cartilage model surrounded by perichondrium and eventually ossifies

50
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Forms the upright axis of the body. Protects the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs within the thorax. Consists of the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage

51
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles

52
Q

Mandible

A

Consists of 2 portions: body which extends both posteriorly and anteriorly, and the rams which is a branch that extends superiorly from the body toward the temporal bone

53
Q

Hyoid

A

The only bone that is not directly attached to another bone. Muscles and ligaments attach it to the skull. Provides a point of attachment for some tongue and neck muscles that elevate the larynx during speech or swallowing.

54
Q

Maxillae

A

Form part of the jaw, other part is the mandible. Possesses alveolar processes with sockets for teeth attachment

55
Q

Clavicle

A

Long bone with a sigmoid curve. Lateral extremities articulate with the acromion processes and its medial extremities Forms part of the pectoral girdle

56
Q

Scapula

A

Flat bone. Forms part of the pectoral girdle. Attaches the upper lim to the body. Acromion process, scapular spine, coracoid process, glenoid cavity

57
Q

Coccyx

A

Most inferior portion of the vertebral column and consists of 3-5 semi fused coccygeal vertebra that form a triangle. Coccygeal vertebra have neither vertebral foramina nor well developed processes

58
Q

Sternum/Breastbone

A

Sword shaped and has 3 parts: manubrium, body, xiphoid process

59
Q

Spinous process

A

Protrudes where the laminae of the vertebral arch join and provides the point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine

60
Q

Atlas

A

C1. Has no body and no spinous process, but large superior facets. Forms a joint with the spine and skull

61
Q

Axis

A

C2. Has a highly modified process of the superior side of its body, called the dens or odontoid

62
Q

Os coxa/Hip bone

A

A large flat bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. It is composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis

63
Q

Ilium

A

The ilium is the widest and largest of the three parts of the hip bone, and is located superiorly. The body of the ilium forms the superior part of the acetabulum (acetabular roof). Immediately above the acetabulum, the ilium expands to form the wing (or ala)

64
Q

Ischium

A

The curved bone forming the base of each half of the pelvis

65
Q

Pubis

A

Is the most anterior portion of the hip bone. It consists of a body, superior ramus and inferior ramus

66
Q

Joint

A

The area where two bones are attached for the purpose of permitting body parts to move

67
Q

Articulation

A

Refers to movement of adjacent bones around a joint between them

68
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Joints can be classified structurally or in functional categories

69
Q

Structural classification

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial. Depends on the major connective tissue that bones the bones together and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is present

70
Q

Functional categories

A

Classified according the their degree of motion. Synathroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

71
Q

Structural classification: Fibrous

A

Articulating surfaces of 2 bones united by fibrous connective tissue. Has no joint cavity, little to no movement. Joints in this group are further subdivided into sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

72
Q

Sutures

A

Type of fibrous joint. Seams found between skull bones. Interdigitation adds stability to sutures. Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue and the periosteum on the inner + outer surfaces of adjacent bones continues over the joint to form a sutural ligament

73
Q

Syndesmoses

A

Type of fibrous joint. Slightly movable type. Bones are further apart than in sutures and are joined together by ligaments. Some movement may occur because the ligaments are slightly flexible. Examples: radioulnar, stylohyoid, stylomandibular, and tibiofibular

74
Q

Gomphoses

A

The of fibrous joint. Specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into the sockets and held in place by fine bundles of regular collagenous connective tissue. Connective tissue bundles between teeth and their sockets are called periodontal ligaments. Ex: dentoalveolar

75
Q

Structural classification: Cartilaginous

A

Unite 2 bones together by cartilage. Connections are either by hyaline or fibrocartilage. 2 types of cartilaginous joints: synchondroses and symphyses

76
Q

Synchrondroses

A

Type of cartilaginous joint. Consists of 2 bones joined by hyaline cartilage where little to no movement occurs. Ex: epiphyseal plates, sternocostal

77
Q

Symphysis

A

Type of cartilaginous joint. Consists of fibrocartilage uniting 2 bones. Some are flexible because of the slightly flexible nature of fibrocartilage. Ex: intervertebral, manubriosternal, symphysis pubis, xiphisterial

78
Q

Structural classification: Synovial

A

Contain synovial fluid and allows considerable movement between articulating bones. Anatomically more complex than the other 2 structural classifications of joints. Most joints that unite the bones of the appendicular skeleton are synovial joint, reflecting the motility of the appendicular skeleton

79
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Type of fibrous joint. Dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull

80
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. With its egg white–like consistency, the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement

81
Q

Bursa

A

In certain synovial joints, the synovial membrane extends as a pocket/sac. Contains synovial fluid and provides a cushion between structures

Small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid (similar in consistency to that of a raw egg white). It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint

82
Q

Functions of joints

A

Connect the components of the skeletal system together. They give it flexibility, and allow muscles to direct movements by moving bones in different directions

83
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Type of synovial joint. Uniaxial joint that restricts movement to rotation around a single axis . Consists of a relatively cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring composed of bone and ligament. Ex: articulation of the dens on the axis and atlas that allows the neck to rotate side to side, radius and ulna

84
Q

Plane Joint/Gliding Joint

A

Type of synovial joint. Consists of 2 flat bone surfaces between which a slight gliding motion occurs. Uniaxial, some rotation is possible but limited by ligaments and adjacent bones. Ex: ribs and vertebrae, between the carpals and tarsals, acromion process of scapula and clavicle

85
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Types of synovial joint. Consists of 2 saddle-shaped articulating surfaces orientated at 90 degree angles to each other. Biaxial joints. Ex: carpal and metacarpal of the thumb. Manubrium of sternum and clavicle

86
Q

Hinge joint

A

Type of synovial joint. Uniaxial joint in which a convex cylinder of one bone fits into the concavity of another bone. Ex: elbow and knee joints, between phalanges, talocrural joint (ankle joint)

87
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

Type of synovial joint. Consists of a ball (head( and socket into which a portion of the head fits into. Multiaxial, allows a wide range of motion. Ex: hip and shoulder joints

88
Q

Condyloid/Ellipsoid Joint

A

Type of synovial joint. Modified ball and socket joint. Articular surfaces are ellipsoid in shape. Biaxial. Ex: mandible and temporal bone, metatarsal bones and phalanges, atlas and occipital bone

89
Q

Pronation

A

Type of circular movement and refers to the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces inferiorly

90
Q

Supination

A

Type of circular movement and refers to the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces superiorly

91
Q

Flexion

A

Type of angular movement. Bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating bones closer

92
Q

Extension

A

Type of angular movement. Straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to extend the articulating bones

93
Q

Rotation

A

Type of circular movement. Refers to the turning of a structure around its long axis

94
Q

Circumduction

A

Type of circular movement. Combination of flection, extension, abduction, and adduction. Occurs at freely moving joints

Anatomy & Physiology 168 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions