Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Spinal Anatomy > Exam Two - PPT2 > Flashcards

Exam Two - PPT2 Flashcards

1
Q

Lumbar Gravity Line is creates by locating the center of _____ and dropping a line.

A

L3 body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

If the Lumbar Gravitational Line passes 1 cm in front of the tip of the sacrum to 1 cm posterior to tip of the sacrum, it is __________

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If the Lumbar Gravitational Line falls forward of the sacrum, there is ________ _______ _________

A

Anterior weight bearing (discs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If the Lumbar Gravitational Line falls behind, the lumbar spine has _________ __________ ___________.

A

Posterior weight bearing (Facets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Predental space should be up to _______ in adults

A

3mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Predental Space should be up to _______ in children

A

5mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Increased distance of Predental Space may indicate…

A

Fracture of odontoid to transverse ligament injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atlas Dens Interval (ADI)

AKA

A

Predental Space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cervical Gravitational Line is created by locating the center of the tip of the __________ __________, then dropping it.

A

Odontoid Process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cervical Gravitational Line is normal if the line goes through ___________

A

Any part of the body of C-7 vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Risser Sign AKA

A

Iliac Epiphysis Sign

Apophysis Sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Risser Sign checks for what?

A

Bone maturity (maturation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Crest of Ilium begins maturing at the age of ______

A

About 16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Crest of the ilium maturation is complete in _____ years

A

Average 2 years

7months - 3.5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The whiter the part on the on the X-ray, the thicker or denser the structure is refered to as __________

A

Radiopague

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The darker the part on the object, the less dense it is and is known as ___________

A

Radiolucent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The 5 densities seen on X-rays

1) ______ -blackish
2) ______-Dark gray
3) _____ light gray
4) _____Whitish
5) _____ bright white

A

1) Air
2) fat
3) water
4) bone
5) metal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The long upright pyramid is AKA _________, which extends from the tip of the odontoid process of C-2 to the inferior aspect of the vertebral body of L-5

A

1st general pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The short inverted pyramid AKA _____ extends from the base of the sacrum to the tip of the coccyx

A

2nd general pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inside the first general pyramid there are ______ smaller pyramids

A

Three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the three smaller pyramids that are inside the first general pyramid?

A

Upright pyramid- at tip of odontoid process to the bottom of T-1
Inverted pyramid- bottom of T-1 to the bottom of L-5
Upright pyramid- bottom of T-5 to the bottom of L-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Together there are _____ total pyramids. _____ General and the ______ smaller ones

A

5; 2; 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A _____ is a normal anterior to posterior bending of the spinal column

A

Curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The foot may ______ or ______. This will affect the knees, hips and spine

A

Pronate (turn out) or Supinate (turn in)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two types of curves in the spine?

A

Anterior and posterior curves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

_______ curve that apexes or has the convexity toward the anterior (concavity toward the back)

A

Anterior curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

________ curve that apexes or has the convexity toward the posterior (concavity faces front)

A

Posterior curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Anterior curves are AKA _________ curves

Posterior curves are AKA _________ curves

A 
Lordotic curves (cervical and lumbar)
Kyphotic curves (Thoracic, sacral, coccyx)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

At birth, the body has _____ curve

A

1 posterior C-shaped primary curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do the secondary curves develop in the child?

A

Secondary curves develop as the child begins to move its body against gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When does the cervical curve (first secondary curve) begin to develop?

A

3-4 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When is the child able to hold its head upright because the cervical curve is basically developed?

A

3-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the two sagittal plane curves?

A

Primary curves

Secondary curves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

At birth, 1 C-shaped primary posterior curve is present from the _____ to the ______

A

Head to the coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What what age doe the lumbar curve begin and when is it fully formed?

A

Begins at 6-9 months

Formed by 10-18 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The first lordotic/ secondary curve is the cervical curve that extends from ______ to ________

A

Tip of the odontoid process of C-2 to the base of T-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the normal disc space on an x-ray at the disc space?

A

35-45 degrees

38
Q

If the curve is less than 35 degrees in the =cervical spine, it is called

A

Hypolordotic

39
Q

If the cervical curve is more than45 degrees then it is considered

A

Hyperlordotic

40
Q

The second secondary curve is the ______ curve and that does it extend from?

A

Lumbar curve

It extends from the base of T-12 to the base of the last lumbar

41
Q

What is the normal curve considered to be when measures from top of L-1 tot he top of the sacrum?

A

50 and 60 degrees

42
Q

When unable to see S-1 use L-1 to L-5. What is the degrees for a normal lumbar curve when measuring from L-1 to L-5

A

35-45 degrees

43
Q

Between the ages of _____ and ______ the lumbar vertebrae grow 2 times faster than the rest of the spine

A

2 and 16

44
Q

The thoracic curve is a ______ curve and part of the original ______ curve

A

Kyphotic; primary

45
Q

What is the length of the thoracic curve?

A

It extends between T2 and T12 vertebral segments and apexes at the disc space between T 6 and T7 motor unit

46
Q

The normal kyphotic curve is between _____ and ____ degrees with an average of _______

A

20 and 40; 30

47
Q

What should you see when looking form behind the patient or from the side?

A

Concavity, convexity, concavity, convexity

48
Q

What are curvatures?

A

Adaptive bendings of the spine

49
Q

Curvatures involve how many segments?

A

3 or more segments

50
Q

What are the curvatures?

A

Kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis

51
Q

What is a kyphosis (hunchback)?

A

An exaggerated thoracic curvature

52
Q

What is a lordosis (swayback)?

A

An exaggerated lumbar curvature

53
Q

Define kyphosis

A

Abnormally increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side

54
Q

What is anklyosing spondylitis?

A

Progressive spinal flexion deformities (may progress to a chin-on chin deformity

55
Q

Lateral curvature of the spine of greater than 10 degrees is known as _______

A

Scoliosis

56
Q

What is idiopathic scoliosis?

A

A lateral deviation and rotation of the spine without an identifiable cause

57
Q

what does scoliosis mean?

A

Curvature

58
Q

What type of X-ray can identify if the patient has scoliosis?

A

A-P X ray

59
Q

Scoliosis is named for the direction that the curvature _________

A

Convexes (apexes)

60
Q

If the scoliosis convexes to the left then is is referred to ________
If the scoliosis convexes to the right then it is referred to as _______

A

Levoscoliosis

Dextroscoliosis

61
Q

What is rotatory scoliosis?

A

Most scoliosis curvature have an element of rotation in them known as rotatory scoliosis

62
Q

When naming scoliosis what are the steps?

A

1) name the area that the scoliosis is located in (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, etc)
2) name the side of the curvature (dextro or Levi)
3) add rotatory if there is some rotation

63
Q

The medial profession begins to call a lateral curvature scoliosis at _______ degrees

A

10

64
Q

The curvature usually begins in the ________ then proceeds _____ the spine at various stages

A

Lower back; up

65
Q

What are the 3 major classifications of scoliosis?

A

Structural
Nonstructural
Transient structural

66
Q

What is the most common form of scoliosis and affects 70% of all patients who have scoliosis?

A

Idiopathic scoliosis

67
Q

What does idiopathic mean?

A

Unknown cause

68
Q

Non structural scoliosis is called ___________ scoliosis

A

Physiological scoliosis (functional)

69
Q

Structural scoliosis is called _________ scoliosis

A

Pathological

70
Q

How can you tell the difference bwteeen physiological scoliosis and pathological scoliosis

A

Adams sign

71
Q

Most idiopathic scoliosis were due to decrease in what?

A

Foundation support (subluxation)

72
Q

What are the two ways X rays for scoliosis are measured by?

A

COBBs angle or Riser-Ferguson measurement

73
Q

Explain the Cobb method of angle measurement

A

1) identify the upper and lower end vertebrae
2) draw lines extending along the vertebral borders
3) Measure Cobb Angle directly or geometrically

74
Q

When do the epiphyseal plates fuse?

A

Between ages 16-20

75
Q

In scoliosis, the muscle contracture is on the side of the ________ and the weak muscles are on the side of the ________ resembling a bow

A

Concavity

Convexity

76
Q

What are the 3 types of idiopathic scoliosis?

A

Infantile, juvenile, and adolescent

77
Q

In idiopathic scoliosis:
-infantile begins ________
Juvenile begins _______
Adolescent begins ______

A

Before age 3
Begins between ages of 3 and 10
Begins after the age of 10 to maturity

78
Q

With _____ curves there are more frequent CNS problems

A

Left

** LEFT IS NOT RIGHT

79
Q

______ to _____ year olds grow the fastest and scoliosis gets worse

A

12-16

80
Q

Are males or females more likely to have scoliosis?

A

Female

81
Q

Do thinner or overweight people have more scoliosis?

A

Thinner

82
Q

What a re the 3 body types?

A

Ectomorph: Tall. Thin (flower growth)
Endomorph: larger, thicker
Mesomorph: athletic build

83
Q

A ______ brace used for non operative lumbar scoliosis management

A

Boston brace

84
Q

What is the boston brace primarily used for?

A

Lower thoracic, thoracolumabr and lumbar curves

85
Q

______ brace used for non operative treatment of thoracic and lumbar scoliosis

A

Lyon

86
Q

What is the brace that is most commonly used for treatment of kyphotic conditions?

A

Milwaukee brace

87
Q

What is the primary goal of the Milwaukee brace?

A

To stop progression of scoliosis

88
Q

What is bone age?

A

Bone age = physiological age = age of maturity of the body

89
Q

What is te chronological age in scoliosis?

A

14-15

90
Q

How does one measure anterior or posterior slippage?

A

Georges line

91
Q

The Risser sign looks are the crest of the ilium to obeserve bone maturity. What are the 5 grades of the Risser sign?

A 
Grade 1: put to 25% complete
Grade2: 26-50% complete
Grade 3- 51% to 75%
Grade 4- 76 to 100%
Grade 5- where fusion is completed and total cessation of growth
92
Q

The prudential space should be no more than ____ mm in adults and _____ mm in children

A

3mm in adults and 5 mm in children

Spinal Anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions