Exam 2- PPT1 Flashcards
What are the other names for the intervertebral motor unit?
Functional motor unit
Physiological motor unit
Vertebral motor unit
What is the definition of an intervertebral motor unit?
2 adjacent vertebrae and their contiguous structures
Flexion of the vertebrae: ______ the IVF
Flexion of the spine: _______ cervical/lumbar lordosis but _________ the thoracic kyphosis
Opens up the IVF
Decreases; increases
Extension of the vertebrae: ______ the IVF
Extension of the spine: ______ Cervical/lumbar lordosis but ________ the thoracic kyphosis
Closes the IVF
Increases Cervical/lumbar lordosis but decreases the thoracic kyphosis
What are the 7 functions of the vertebral column
Protection and transmission Stabilization Support and weight bearing Shape and position Motion Skeletal formation Resiliency
How does the vertebral column function in protection and transmission
Protects the spinal cord and trasmits nerves to other parts of the body
How does the vertebral column function in stabilization
Used for attachment of muscles and ligaments
How does the vertebral column funciton in support and weight bearing?
Supports the head and bears the weight of the entire body except the legs
How does the vertebral column function in shape and position
Provides erectness and body contours or shape
How does the vertebral column function in motion
Allows for flexible movement
Inferior border of the scapulae when upright is in line with the tip of spinous ____ and when lying down tip of the spinous ______
T9
T6
What is the name of the common fracture that occurs at the tip of spinous of C-7
Clay shoveler’s
What is the most common areas of thoracic compression fracture
Body of T-11 or 12
What is the most common areas for lumbar compression fracture?
Body of T-12/L1
What is the most common area for sacral fracture?
Horizontal fracture at the end of the 3rd or 4th sacral tubercle area
In cervical lateral bending: vertebral body moves the ______ direction as the lateral bending. The spinous process moves to the ______ side.
Same direction (ispilateral)
Opposite side (contralateral side)
In lumbar lateral bending: the vertebral body moves to the _____ side as lateral bending and the spinous process moves to the _____ side
Opposite side (contralateral) Same side (Ipsilateral)
What is the definition of subluxation?
Loss of proper vertebral joint function that may affect proper nerve function and good health
Where does fertilization take place?
Distal 1/3rd of the Fallopian tube
It takes _______ (time frame) before it enters the uterus
1 week
What implants in the uterus on day 7?
The blastocyst
What are the first 2 main structures to begin developing in the embryo?
The spine and nervous system
The heart and vascular system
The round egg flattens out and becomes the ________
Germ disc
The ectodermal floor of the amniotic cavity thickens and the center of the midline ceases and becomes the ______ ______
Neural streak (neural plate)
The neural streak invaginates and becomes the ______ ______
Neural groove
What is the beginning of the overall NS?
Neural groove
What is the group of cells called that form from mesoderm and will form the cephalic portion of the embryo called?
Primitive node or hensen’s node
What marks the longitudinal axis of the embryonic body and will form the guide to further spinal devleopment
Notochord
The spine begins to form during the _______ embryonic week
2nd
How many pairs of somites are there?
42 to 44
What is the group of mesodermal cells that line up on either side of the notochord called?
Somites
What do somites eventually become?
Vertebral bodies
What si the process of neuralation
Neural plate-> neural groove-> appearance of neural crest-> completion of neural tube-> completion of neural crest
The somites form as follows: 1st 4 pair will become the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7 pair will become the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 12 pair will become the \_\_\_\_\_\_ 5 pair will become the \_\_\_\_\_\_ 5 pair will become the \_\_\_\_\_\_ 8 to 9 pair will become the \_\_\_\_\_\_
The somites form as follows:
1st 4 pair will become the occiput
7 pair will become the cervical vertebra
12 pair will become the thoracic vertebra
5 pair will become the lumbar vertebra
5 pair will become the sacral segments
8 to 9 pair will become the coccygeal segments
What happens to any remaining somites?
Any remaining pairs will disappear or become absorbed
What do the neural crest cells develop into?
** KNOW FOR EXAM
The posterior dorsal root ganglion and spinal nerves
During the third embryonic week the somites will split in their center at an area called the __________________
Fissure of Von Ebner
What forms a sclerotome?
The union of 2 different somites
The rest of the connective tissue is called _______
Mesenchyme
How does the vertebrae form?
By fusion of sclerotome cells from two different somite levels
During the 4th embryonic week the sclerotomes begin to change into what?
Cartilage
The notochord will bunch up between the cartilage and will become part of the _______ _________ of the intervertebral disc
Nucleus pulposis
What are the 3 stages of vertebral development?
Mesenchymal stage
Chondrification stage
Ossification stage
What happens during the mesenchymal stage/ primordial stage of vertebral development?
Somites form and sclerotomes develop
Lasts from 2nd to 3rd embryonic week
What does the chondrification stage consist of?
Begins overall in the cervicothoracic region then proceeds upwards and downward
Begins in 4 areas of the vertebrae
Ossification of the vertebral BODIES begins at the ________ areas of the spine and proceeds upward and downward
Thoracolumbar
Ossification of the vertebral ARCHES begins at the _______ regions of the spine and proceeds upward and downward
Cervicothoracic
________ ossification begins prior to birth but may not be complete till after birth
________ ossification begins after birth. Most take place between the ages of 12 and 20
Primary
Secondary
Most secondary ossification takes place when?
Between the ages of 12 and 20
In the atlas (C1), what are the 3 primary centers of ossification?
1 in each lateral mass (2)
1 in the anterior arch
Axis, Epistropheus, C-2: has _____ primary centers and ______ secondary centers of ossification for a total of _______
5 primary
2 secondary
Total of 7
What is the term used for any failure of fusion of an ossification center, either primary or secondary?
Persistant epiphysis
What is a failure of fusion of the primary center of ossification in which the odontoid process fails to fuse with the body of the axis?
Os Odontoidium
What is a failure of the secondary ossification center of ossification in which the tip (apex) of the odontoid process fails to fuse with the rest of the odontoid process.
Os Terminale
How many ossification centers are there for C3-T12?
Total? Primary? Secondary?
Total- 8
Primary- 3
Secondary- 5
For C-3 through t-12:
1 secondary ossification center in each epiphyseal plate fuses between ages of ______ and _____
16 and 20
In C-3 to T-12:
1 secondary center of ossification in the tip of each TVP fuses about the age of _____
16
For C3 to T-12:
1 secondary center of ossification in the tip of the SP fuses about the age of _____
16
How many ossification centers are there for the lumbar spine? Total, primary, and secondary?
10 total, 5 primary and 5 secondary
Lumbar spine, 5 primary centers:
1 in the center of the __________
1 in each half of the __________
1 in each _________
5 primary centers:
1 in the center of the vertebral body
1 in each half of the vertebral arch
1 in each mamillary process (2)
- posterior superior lateral aspect of the Superior APLumbar spine, 5 secondary ossification centers:
1 in each ________
1 in each ______
1 in the ______________
Lumbar spine, 5 secondary ossification centers:
1 in each epiphyseal plate
1 in each TVP
1 in the tip of the spinous process
How many centers of ossification are there for the sacrum? Total, primary, secondary
49 total, 37 are primary, 12 are secondary
Fusion of S1,2,4 occurs between the ages of _____ and ____
9 and 11
Fusion of S-4 and 5 is between the ages of _____ and ______
18 and 20
How many centers of ossification for the coccyx? Total, primary, secondary?
4 total centers, all primary
Coccyx:
Each primary center will enlarge and develop 1 every five years and all will be fused between the ages of _____ and _____
25 and 30
At five weeks the upper and lower limbs have formed as what?
Fin like appendages pointing lateral and caudally
At 6 weeks what do the limbs look like?
Limbs bend anteriorly, so elbows and knees point laterally, palms and soles face trunk
At 7 weeks,, upper and lower limbs have undergone _________ about their long axes but in opposite directions so elbows point _____ and knees point ______
90 degree torsion
Caudally
Cranially
At 8 weeks what does torsion of the lower limbs result in?
Twisted or barber pole arrangement of their cutaneous innervation
In the axis (Epistropheus, C-2), primary centers of ossification:
1 in each half of the _________
1 in the center of the ________
2 at the base of the _______
1 in each half of the vertebral arch
1 in the center of the vertebral body
2 at the base of the odontoid process
Axis (Epistropheus, C-2), secondary centers of ossification
Begins about the age of _____ and completed by age ____
1 located in the __________
1 located at the _______
Begins about the age of 2 and completed by age 12
1 located in the apex of the odontoid process
1 located at the anterior inferior lip
