Exam One Review Flashcards
At what age do the epiphyseal plates fuse?
16-20
When do the pedicles fuse?
3-6 years old
When do the Laminae fuse?
In the first year of life
When do the SP fuse?
Around 16
When do the TVP fuse?
Around age 16
Before 40yo, _____% of the load compresses on the cortex. After 40, it increases to _____%
45
65
Before 40, ____% of the load compresses on the cancellous bone. After 40, it changes to _____%.
55%
35%
Overall greatest ROM in the spine is in what section of the spine?
C4-6
Greatest flexion and extension of facet joints is in what section of the spine?
C5-6
Greatest overall ROM in the lumbar spine?
L4-5
Greatest flexion and extension in Lumbar spine
L5 & S1
ROM associated with lumbar
Flexion/rotation
Little lateral bending
No rotation
ROM associated with thoracic spine
Rotation
Some flexion
Little extension
ROM associated with cervical
Flexion/extension
Greatest overall ROM
Rotate
Lateral flexion
Intrinsic muscles of the back
Erector spinae (ILS)
Splenius capitis and cervices
Longus capitis and coli
Quadratus lumborum
Extrinsic muscles of the back
Traps
Lats
Rhomboids
Levator scapulae
Intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back
Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior
Transversospinal muscle group
Semispinalis muscles (3)
Multifidus
Rotatores
Intervertebral muscles
Rotatores
Interspinales
Intertransversalas
Intertransversarii
Suboccipital muscle group
Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Obliquus capitis inferior
Obliquus capitis superior
Anterolateral Neck Muscles
Scalenes (3)
Cervical Facet joints are oriented in what plane?
Coronal
Thoracic facet joints are located in what plane?
Coronal
Lumbar facet joints are oriented in what plane?
Sagittal
Cervical SAP orientation
Face superior and posterior - 45 degrees
Cervical IAP orientation
Face inferior and anterior - 45 degrees
Thoracic SAP orientation
Posterior and superior - 60 degrees from horizontal - 20 degree lateral rotation
Thoracic IAP orientation
Anterior and inferior - 60 degrees to horizontal - 20 degree medial rotation
Lumbar SAP orientation
Mostly medial - rotated 45 degree medially
Lumbar IAP orientation
Mostly lateral - 45 lateral rotation
Number of vertebra in each segment
Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacrum Coccyx
Total: 26
Variations as far as number of vertebra most commonly occurs in which segment?
Lumbar
X axis
Flex and rotate (middle finger)
Y axis
Left and Right rotation (thumb)
Z axis
Left and right lateral flexion (index finger)
The child is an individual up to age _____
8
What are epiphyseal plates
(AKA growth plates)
Ring of hard compact bone that surrounds the superior and inferior surfaces of vertebral bodies
How many vertebra does the spine of a child have?
Spine: 24
Sacrum: 5
Coccyx: 4
Total: 33
When do the sacral segments fuse?
First 3: 9-11
Last 2: 18-20
When does the coccyx fuse?
One segment ossifies every 5 years
Becomes one bone age 25-30
What is the tripod theory?
The axial compression on any vertebrae is borne by the 1) vertebral body and (2,3) the two superior articular processes
What is the least reliable palpation contact?
Spinous Process
What forms the roof of the intervertebral foramen (IVF)
ROOF: inferior pedicle notch of vertebra above
What forms the floor of the IVF?
Superior pedicle notch of the vertebra below
What are the three types of spina bifida?
Occulta
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele
Which muscle does NOT contribute to the suboccipital triangle?
Rectus capitis posterior minor
What are the three layers of the articular capsule?
Synovial membrane
Loose connective tissue (vascular)
Connective tissue (sensory nerve supply)
