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psychology > Exam Revision > Flashcards

Exam Revision Flashcards

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Psychology 101 flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is an Independent Variable?

A

The independent variable is changeable and is deliberately manipulated in an experiment

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2
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

variables that are measured in an experiment.

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3
Q

What is a controlled variable?

A

The variable that is constant and does not change

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4
Q

What are the 4 elements in writing a hypothesis?

A

1.The population that the.hypothesis will apply to
2.independent variable
3.Dependent Variable
4.A specific prediction that will occur

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5
Q

What are the ethical guidelines in Psychology? List and explain.

A

Informed consent
voluntary participation
Deception
Debriefing
Withdrawal
Confidentiality
i v d d w c

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6
Q

Example of Informed consent

A

Full explanation to the participant about the true nature and risk of experiments

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7
Q

Example of voluntary participation

A

participant has the right to choose to willingly take part in experiment

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8
Q

Example of deception

A

should not be used unless it is necessary. Only used when knowing the nature of the study would change because of the results.

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9
Q

Example of Debriefing

A

must inform the participant about the results and the true nature of the experiment

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10
Q

Example of withdrawal

A

participant may leave the research at any time without negative consequences

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11
Q

Example of confidentiality

A

researchers must collect retain and dispose of all of the information related to participants.

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12
Q

What is a psychologist

A

Mainly examine the ways people think,feel and behave. Cannot prescribe medicine but can help develop strategies to help
6 years to become qualified

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13
Q

What is a psychiatrist

A

qualified medical doctor. Specialist in the diagnosis treatment and prevention of mental illnesses. Can administer medication,.

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14
Q

What is the central Nervous System?

A

Carries messages to and From the PNS. Its main function is to process information received from the body internal and external environments and to activate responses.

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15
Q

What is the main function of the CNS

A

Its main function is to process information received from the body internal and external environments and to activate responses.

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16
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Carries messages to and from the CNS

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17
Q

What is the function of the PNS

A

Carry information to the CNS from the bodies muscles organs and glands as well as sensory organs. Carries information from the CNS to the bodys muscles organs and glands.

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18
Q

What is the Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

the somatic nervous system is a network of nerves that carries sensory information to the CNS and motor information from the CNS

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19
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system?

A

Is a network of nerves that carries messages between the CNS and the heart,lungs,and other internal organs and glands, Regulates the functioning of internal organs without you having to think about it.

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20
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Increasing the activity of most organs and glands in times of vigorous activity,stress or threat.

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21
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system(function)

A

responsible for decreasing the activity of most organs and glands and restoring the body putting it to its normal state.

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22
Q

Identify the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

Frontal lobe,
parietal lobe,
occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

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23
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A

Involved with sophisticated mental abilities and initiating voluntary body movements. (e.g. planning and problem solving)

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24
Q

What is the Parietal lobe?

A

receives and processes bodily information including touch and temperature.Information about muscle movements and body position

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25
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

Is devoted to the sense of vision. Damage to the occipital lobe can produce vision impairments.

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26
Q

What is the temporal lobe

A

involved with auditory perception and also plays an important role in memory and aspects of visual perception such as out ability to identity objects and faces.

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27
Q

What is the brain stem

A

Structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain and the spinal cord and cerebellum

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28
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

responsible for muscle movement,balance,posture. Also involved with memory and learning. In hindbrain

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29
Q

What is the cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain composed of the 2 hemispheres and responsible for coordination balance and problem solving. In fore-brain

30
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

Structure that joins the the left and right hemisphere.

31
Q

What is the Thalamus

A

In the middle of the brain and all incoming information(apart from smell) is received by the thalamus. The thalamus will then direct info to the brain. in the fore-brain

32
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

About the size of a pea and releases a hormone that are involved with thirst,hunger and sleep.-Forebrain

33
Q

What is the Pineal Gland

A

Structure of the brain that regulates sleep/wake cycle and releases our sleep hormone-melatonin

34
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

Responsible for making new memories and also helps with directions

35
Q

What is the Amygdala?

A

associated with emotions of fear and anger

36
Q

What is biological,psychological and social changes due to the frontal lobe?

A

13 pound iron rod went through his brain and through his fore-brain.
Changes in thinking,memory,language and body movements
Change in emotions, and personality.became rude to colleague and was unable to accept advice.

37
Q

Diagram of neuron

A

in word doc

38
Q

What is the sensory neuron?

A

this is received from our external and internal environments then transmitted to the CNS

39
Q

What is the inter-neuron Neuron?

A

they are the link between sensory and motor neurons relaying information from one to another.

40
Q

What is the motor neuron?

A

Carry messages from the CNS cells in the skeletal muscles organs and glands to stimulate activity. They help control the function of internal organs such as the heart,lungs,intestines.

41
Q

What is the role of melatonin in sleep-wake cycles?

A

1.Melatonin is a hormone that is released by the pineal gland-particularly at night time-makes us feel drowsy+sleepy
2. Melatonin is released when environment is darker-eyes receive info and this is sent via neurons to the suprachiasmatic Nucleus then sends a signal to the pineal gland to release melatonin
3.When it become lighter melatonin stops and becomes stored

42
Q

What are the types of sleep?

A

REM and NREM sleep

43
Q

What are the different stages of NREM sleep

A

traditional-very light in the middle of weakness and sleep-physiological responses begin to slow down
light-can still be woken up easily however bursts of brain activity help resist being woken by environmental stimuli(noise)
deep-most difficulty to wake up-brain activity is at its slowest

44
Q

Similarity between REM and NREM sleep

A

both important

45
Q

Difference between NREM and REM

A

dreaming occurs in REM Sleep not NREM
Increased brain activity in REM not NREM
Stages in NREM sleep not REM

46
Q

What are lucid dreams?

A

Lucid dreaming is where the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming. It has been found to be present in REM Sleep

47
Q

What are day Dreams?

A

Day dreams occur at a normal state of consciousness and occur when we pay attention to our own thoughts and ignore the outside world.

48
Q

What are night dreams?

A

These occur during Rem SLEEP-90
% can have many different dreams and first usually happen after 90 minutes of sleep

49
Q

What are nightmares?

A

A nightmares are bad dreams and occur during REM sleep and are upsetting or unpleasant. More common in children and people often wake up during this is why people cant remember them

50
Q

What are night terrors?

A

They occur during NREM sleep stage 3 and are characterized by the individual thrashing around in their sleep and waking up in a state of panic/perspiration and speaking incoherently. In children aged 3-5 more common in boys

51
Q

What are the symptoms of Insomnia?

A

involves persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep. Regularly experiences problems falling asleep,despite having adequate time and opportunity.

52
Q

What are the symptoms of sleep Apnea?

A

breathing disturbances-breathing stops for short periods of time but can last for up to 2 minutes,trouble focusing, sleepy during the day/when wake up. Headaches

53
Q

What are the symptoms of narcolepsy?

A

irresistible urge to sleep that can occur at any time of the day. Sleep attacks,hallucinations and sleep paralysis

54
Q

What is Forensic Psychology?

A

Specialized field that combines principles of psychology and law. It involved applying psychological principles to legal issues, both in the criminal and civil justice systems.

55
Q

What is psychological arousal

A

How our body reacts to emotion(e.g sweating)

56
Q

What is subjective experience

A

What we feel and label as an emotion. E.g feeling happy after a good score on a test)

57
Q

What is expressive behavior

A

What others can see about what we are feeling (e,g smiling when you see your test score)

58
Q

What are the limitations of police line up?

A
  1. witness may have an exception that the suspect is in the line up leading to mistakenly identifying wrong person.
  2. Eyewitness may have observed suspect in
    3.Less than ideal conditions(poor lighting)
  3. photographs used for identification may not highlight features that eyewitness paid attention to
59
Q

How does a weapon focus affect the witnesses testamony

A

The presence of a weapon in a situation influences memory of an event, distracting us from the other details of the crime

60
Q

What is the difference between stalking and harassment

A

Stalking is a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a person to fear for his or her safety or the safety of others. Harassment causes harm or distress putting people in fear in any reasonable person and of fear of violence repeated attempts of imposed communications

61
Q

What are the 3 personality disorders

A

Antisocial ,narcissistic, bordeline personality disorder.

62
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder

A

mental health condition in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the feelings of others. They lack remorse or do not regret there behavior

63
Q

What is narcissistic personality disorder

A

mental health condition where people have a high sense of their own importance and need and seek too much attention and want people to admire them. lack the ability to understand other peoples feelings.

64
Q

What is borderline personality disorder

A

mental health condition that affects how people feel about themselves and others making it hard to function and can include a pattern of unstable and intense relationships.

65
Q

what is the difference between personality disorders and a mental disorder

A

mental disorder is considered to impair thinking and behavior without much personal control whereas people with personality disorders are often seen as having control over their own behavior.

66
Q

What is criminal profiling

A

criminal profiling involves working out possible description of the type of person likely to be responsible. It is the overall portrait or picture of the likely offender

67
Q

What is the role of criminal profiling in forensic psychology

A

working out how the offender came to be the way they are, predicting what they are like now and working out what can be done to catch them before they commit another crime

68
Q

What is an offender signature?

A

pattern of distinctive behaviors that are characteristics of the offenders emotional and psychological needs. there are 2 parts to offender signature. Signature aspect and signature behavior

69
Q

What are the 2 parts of an offender signature?

A

singature aspect and signature behaviors

70
Q

What is signature aspect?

A

represents the emotional or psychological needs that the offender satisfies when committing and offence =motivation for committing offence e.g motivated to commit a crime out of anger

71
Q

What is signature behavior?

A

acts committed by an offender that is not necessarily to commit to complete a crime but what the offender must do in order to satisfy themselves.e.g mutilate the body or position the body in a particular way

72
Q

What is the difference between a sociopath and a psychopath

A

Sociopaths tend to act more impulsively and erratically compared to psychopaths. Sociopaths generally struggle to maintain a job or a family life, whereas psychopaths may be able to do so. While psychopaths generally struggle to form attachments, sociopaths may be able to do so with a like-minded individual.

psychology (9 decks)

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