exam questions typa style Flashcards
Blood films shows presence of blast cells in a child ?
=> acute lymphocytic leukaemia
What is retinitis pigmentosa
Breakdown of cells in the retina causing vision loss
Genetic disease
Causes of respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation type events ie panic attack, pregnancy, fever, trauma
*bag of worms
Varicocele
Investigation for child UTI
Urine culture
What is Kawasaki’s
A condition that mainly affects children under the age of 5, aka mucotaneous lymph node syndrome
most common type of cancer in men
Prostate
1st sign of puberty in girls
Breast bud development
Indications for dialysis
-intractable hyperkalaemia
-acidosis
-uraemia symptoms
-resistant fluid overload
-CKD stage 5
Clinical feature of primary open angle glaucoma
Vision loss at the peripherals
Intense eye pain
Nausea + vomiting
Headache
Tenderness around the eyes
Halos
Blurred visions
drugs that exacerbate gout
Thiazide diuretics ie bendroflumethiazide
Consequences of uraemia
Increased cardiovascular problems
-hypertension, atherosclerosis, valvular stenosis and insufficiency, chronic heart failure and angina
Bell’s palsy
Unilateral facial weakness
Drooping eyelid and corner of mouth
Damage to cn VII
most common cause of compression of cn iii
Micro vascular infarct
macroscopic vs microscopic haematuria
which anti-hypertensive drugs can you administer with kidney damage
ACEi + ARBs
Ent disease that would show a mixed pattern hearing loss
Otosclerosis
Definition pre-term infant
Born before 37 weeks
Antibiotic avoided in facial acne
Topical erythromycin
What age group is adhd recognised in
Under 12 years old
Can be as early as 4 years old
Investigation for septal haematoma
Nasal speculum or otoscope
Common cause for sensineural hearing loss in a child of 2 years
Infection
Trauma
6-week old screening test for babies at primary care
Newborn physical examination = eyes, heart, hips, testicles
Hutchinson’s sign
Peringual extension of brown-black pigmentation from longitudinal melanonychia onto the proximal and lateral
Nailfolds
+ rash on nose (herpes zoster opthalmicus +)
What indicates poor asthmatic control in a child
Shortness of breath , coughing wheezing, chest tightness
Indication for dilution of urine
Too much water in urine
How do you manage a night stick fracture
Forearm bracing + early mobilisation
‘Long forearm ulnar gutter splint’
Most common causes of CKD
Diabetes and high blood pressure
What is the neural crest
An embryonic cell type that is unique to vertebrates and forms numerous diverse derivatives
Found at the side of the neural tube proximal to the epidermal layer after granulation
Symptoms of Kawasaki’s
Rash
Swollen glands in neck
Dry red cracked lips
Swollen, bumpy red tongue - strawberry tongue
Red inside the mouth and at the back of the throat
Swollen and red hands and feet
Red eyes
management of kawasakis
IV immunoglobulins
Complication of kawasakis
Vasculitis > heart complications
*strawberry tongue
Kawasakis or scarlet fever
*dry, red cracked lips in a child under 5
Kawasaki’s
Management of seronegative arthritis
Analgesia
NSAIDs
Corticosteroids
DMARDs
Biologics
Isotonic vs isometric
Isotonic = same tension - the weight on your muscles stays constant
Isometric = same length - muscles do no get longer or shorter
Cardiovascular medication that causes dry mouth
ACEis + CCBs
Enalapril and nifedipine
Collagen vs elastin on histology
What would pituitary adenoma show on test results
Low testerone
Low cortisol
Slightly low thyroxin
Side effects of progesterone
May cause dark patches to appear on your face
May cause bleeding or spotting > could cause uterine lining to shed a bit early
What is indicative of how dilute urine is ?
Specific gravity
26 year old woman present to her GP with 2 day history of macroscopic haematuria, accompanied by left loin pain
Her mother is on regular haemodialysis and her maternal uncle had a subarachnoid haemorrhage
What does she have?
Polycystic kidney disease
Medication to give to someone with suspected IgA nephropathy and blood pressure is still not under control
ACEi
What medication exacerbates gout
Thiazide like diuretic
A 68 year old man, smoking since he was 18, attends GP with pain in his calves which comes on after about 50 metres
On examination his bp = 179/64 urinalysis shows protein ++ and no blood
His GP checks renal function = urea at 1pm mol/l and creatinine 190
What is the likely diagnosis
Renal artery stenosis
Too much urea in the body causes what?
Encephalopathy , nausea , anorexia, pericarditis, neuropathy and asterisks
Bag of worms
Varicocele
What is an indication for dialysis’s
Severe metabolic acidosis ie pH < 7.15
Which nerve is most likely to be affected with a patient presenting with a painful vesicular rash and positive Hutchinson’s sign ?
Nasal-ciliary nerve
78 year old presents with gradual painless loss of vision in both eyes, visual acuities are 6/12 adn 6/18 red reflexes are diminished on examination
What is the most likely diagnosis
Wet ARMD
Heritability of retinitis pigmentosa ?
50%
What innervates closing the eyelid (orbicualr action)
Facial nerve (CN VII)
A patient attends the eye clinic complaining of sudden onset double vision, on examination they have a manifest right convergent squint and are unable to abduct the right eye
6th nerve palsy (abducens)
A 68 year old diabetic woman presents to GP complaining of acute onset double vision
On examination her right eye is displaced and down and out and there is ptosis of her upper eye lid
There is no pupillary involvement
What is the most likely cause ?
Micro vascular infarct - this is a 3rd nerve palsy with no pupil involvement and no pain
The most likely reason is micro vascular disease associated with age and diabetes
A patient presents to their optician and is diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma - what clinical feature is there ?
Cupping of the optic disc
Conductive hearing loss on a 58 year old
Otosclerosis
A 60 year old male complains of 6 weeks history of sore throat and hoarse voice - what is the most likely diagnosis
Laryngopharyngeal reflux is the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the upper aero digestive tract
How to protect children from epiglottitis
Hib vaccine
A 2 year old boy has demonstratable sensorineural hearing loss on audiograms
What is the most likely diagnosis
Congenital CMV
Unilateral sore throat pain and dysphagia adn visible pus - Likely diagnosis
Peritonsillar abscess
Mixed hearing loss gradual
Otosclerosis
Mixed hearing loss acute
Head injury
Broken nose investigation
None
Management of bronchiolitis
Admit , supportive therapy
Which antibiotic should be avoided in Yung girls
Tetracycline
First sign of puberty in girls
Breast development
What does the 6-week screening check include
To look for :
Congenital cataracts
6 year old girl recently been treated by GP for a proven urinary tract infection
What is the most appropriate investigation ?
No investigation required
At what point would jaundice be physiological
Should resolve within 2 weeks
At what point is jaundice due to haemolysis
Present within 24 hours
What age group is ADHD usually recognised
6-12 year olds
What symptoms would suggest poorly controlled asthma ? In a 8 year old
Chronic night cough
Define pre term infant
Gestation age less than 37 weeks
Drugs that exacerbate gout
Aspirin
Thiazide diuretics
Diffuse systemic sclerosis antibody
Scl-70
(CREST + abdominal pain/bloating
Internal organ involvement)
Limited systemic sclerosis antibody
Anti-centromere
(No internal organ involvement)
Antibody associated with Dermatomyositis and polymyositis
Anti-Jo1
Virus associated with erythema infectiosum
Parvovirus B16
Specific beta blocker used for symptomatic relief of hyperthyroidism
propanolol
Side effect of Carbimazole
Agranulocytosis - be very careful of patients presenting with painful cough
Definitive management of hyperthyroidism
Carbimazole
Gold standard investigation for suspected ankolysing spondylitis
X-ray
where you would see sacroilitis (fusion of sacro-iliac joints)
What do delta cells produce
Somatostatin
What cells produce insulin
Beta cells of pancreas
What do chief cells produce
Pepsinogen
What do alpha cells produce
Glucagon
What causes the release glucose from glucagon
Low blood sugar > releases glycogen from the liver > stimulates the release of glycogen phosphorylase > cleaves glucagon into glucose
*unrelenting high blood pressure and low potassium
Hyperaldosteronism
*raised ALP, but calcium and phosphate are normal
Pagets
*raised ALP, but calcium and phosphate are normal
Pagets
Which 2 nerves run through internal acoustic meatus
Vestibulocochlear
Facial
