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everything > ENDO/RENAL/MSK MIX 6.6.23 > Flashcards

ENDO/RENAL/MSK MIX 6.6.23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two potential heart complications of Ehlers Danlos?

A

Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic regurgitation

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2
Q

What is ehlers danlos

A

Genetically inherited
Occurs due to defect in synthesis of collagen => hyperextensibility of skin , recurrent joint problems , repeat dislocations

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3
Q

What type of haemorrhage is associated with ehlers danlos

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

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4
Q

What are berry aneurysms

A

Precursor to a subarachnoid haemorrhage

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5
Q

What are the two acute complications that must be monitored doses in toxic epidermal necrolysis

A

Fluid loss and electrolyte derangement

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6
Q

What are all acute complications of toxic epidermal necrolysis

A

Volume loss
Electrolyte derangement
Hypothermia
Secondary infection

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7
Q

What are the known drugs that cause TEN

A

Allopurinol
Phenytoin
Sulphonamides
Penicillins
Carbamazepine
NSAIDs

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8
Q

What is first line for TEN is now commonly used

A

IV immunoglobulins

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9
Q

What muscle of forearm inserts/attaches into radial tuberosity

A

Biceps brachii

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10
Q

What innervates the trapezius

A

Spinal accessory

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11
Q

Injury to the spinal accessory nerve affects which movement

A

Upward rotation of the scapula

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12
Q

What complication of acute severe hyponatraemia causes severe headaches, nausea, vomiting and confusion

A

Cerebral oedema

Low sodium level disturbs the body’s osmotic balance - acute means that the brain does not have enough time to adjust

As a result water shifts rapidly from the extracellular space into brain cells due to osmotic gradient

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13
Q

Start of what drug can sometimes cause SIADH

A

SSRI prescription

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14
Q

What mode of inheritance is familial hyper cholesterol anemia

A

Autosomal dominant

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15
Q

How to assess endogenous insulin production

A

C-peptide

(Secreted in proportion to insulin and is a marker of endogenous insulin production)

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16
Q

What would histology show for IgA nephropathy

A

Mesangial hypercellularity with positive immunofluorescence for IgA and C 3

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17
Q

What would show on histology for post-strep glomerulonephritis

A

Endothelial proliferation with neutrophils with ‘starry sky’ appearance on immunofluorescence

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18
Q

Minimal change histology

A

Fusion of podocytes and effacement of foot processes

19
Q

Histology of anti-GBM

A

Linear IgG deposits along basement membrane

20
Q

Histology for acute interstitial nephritis

A

Marked interstitial oedema and interstitial infiltrate in the connective tissue between renal tubules

21
Q

Management of IgA nephropathy if there is isolated haematuria , no or minimal proteinuria (less than 500-1000) and a normal eGFR

A

No treatment needed - just follow up renal functions

22
Q

Management of IgA nephropathy with persistent proteinuria (above 500-1000d) with slightly reduced eGFR

A

ACEi

23
Q

Management of IgA nephropathy with active disease (falling eGFR) or failure to respond to ACEi

A

Immunosuppression with corticosteroids

24
Q

Best long term management for osteoarthritis

A

Regular low impact aerobic exercises and muscles strengthening

25
Q

*old man with bone pain and isolated raised ALP

A

Paget’s disease of bone

26
Q

*commonest cause of lateral knee pain in keen runners

A

Iliotibial band syndrome

27
Q

Should synovial fluid sampling be taken before or after starting antibiotics for someone with suspected septic arthritis

A

NICE suggest sampling before giving antibiotics

28
Q

*twisting sports injury followed by delayed onset of knee swelling and locking

A

Meniscus tear

29
Q

What is the treatment for a torn meniscus

A

Arthroscopic menisectomy

30
Q

*tibia lying back on femur injury

A

PCL rupture

Can be drawn forward during a paradoxical drawer test

31
Q

What is the classification system for tibial plateau fractures

A

Schatzker classification

32
Q

Why wouldn’t doctors use colchicine in a gout flare up

A

Diarrhoea

33
Q

Mutation in what protein is responsible for Marfans

A

Fibrillin

34
Q

What would blood tests show for someone with osteoporosis

A

Normal ALP
Normal calcium
Normal phosphate
Normal PTH

35
Q

What would blood tests show for osteomalacia

A

Raised ALP
Raised PTH
Decreased calcium and phosphate

36
Q

Why is PTH raised in osteomalacia

A

In an attempt to raise calcium stores for bone mineralisation

Osteomalacia is characterised by impaired mineralisation of bone due to vit D deficiency / liver disease

37
Q

X-ray findings of AS

A

Subchondral erosions
Sclerosis
Squaring of lumbar vertebrae

38
Q

What is the main neurovascular structure that is compromised in a scaphoid fracture

A

Dorsal carpal arch of the radial artery

39
Q

What is the best investigation to confirm AS

A

Pelvic x-ray

(More so than HLAB27 etc)

40
Q

Common complication of someone with RA

A

IHD

41
Q

Which nerve is commonly injured in a posterior hip dislocation

A

Sciatic nerve

42
Q

*ped planus, pectus excavatum

A

Marfans

43
Q

*fever / back pain with pain on extension of hip

A

Iliopsoas abscess

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