exam pt 2 Flashcards
Briefly describe how proteins move through the Golgi complex.
Proteins are packaged into transport vesicles by the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
These vesicles enter on the (cis) face of the Golgi complex, and the proteins move through the
cisternae, from (cis) face through to exit (trans) face. Proteins will leave from the (trans) face of
the Golgi complex in vesicles that will deliver the protein to plasma membrane, secretory
vesicles, or to other organelles in the cell.
The major function of mitochondria is to
a) move the cell.
b) generate ATP.
c) produce proteins.
d) oxidize organelles.
e) synthesize glycolipids.
b) generate ATP.
) Which of the following protects the contents of the nucleus?
a) nucleic acids
b) nuclear membrane
c) centrosome
d) cilia
b) nuclear membrane
Briefly explain the difference between transcription and translation.
Transcription is making mRNA from DNA and it occurs in the nucleus, while translation is
making a protein from the information in mRNA and happens in the cytosol of the cell.
During this phase of cell division, organelles duplicate and centrosome replication begins.
a) interphase
b) prophase
c) metaphase
d) anaphase
e) telophase
a) interphase
During this phase of cell division, the centromeres split leading to separation and subsequent
migration of the two members of a chromatid pair to opposite poles of the cells. The cleavage
furrow also begins to develop during this phase.
a) interphase
b) prophase
c) metaphase
d) anaphase
e) telophase
d) anaphase
Which organelle is responsible for synthesis of steroids, phospholipids and functions as a
reservoir for Ca2+ in muscle cells?
a) mitochondrion
b) secretory vesicle
c) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d) rough endoplasmic reticulum
e) lysosome
c) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What other organelle besides the nucleus contains DNA?
a) Golgi complex
b) lysosome
c) ribosomes
d) mitochondrion
d) mitochondrion
What is the site of synthesis of rRNA and assembly of rRNA and proteins into ribosomal
subunits?
a) nucleus
b) nucleolus
c) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d) rough endoplasmic reticulum
e) Golgi complex
b) nucleolus
Name and briefly describe the different categories of epithelial tissues based on cell shape
and number of layers of cells found in the tissue.
Based on cell shape, epithelial tissues can be divided into four categories including: 1)squamous
which are thin and flat, 2)cuboidal which are similar in width and height, 3)columnar are taller
than they are wide and 4)transitional which can change shape from cuboidal to squamous and
back again. Epithelial tissues can also be categorized based on the number of layers of cells
found in the tissue. These categories include: 1)simple which means a single layer of cells,
2)stratified which is two or more layers of cells and 3)pseudostratified which is one layer of cells
that appears multi-layered due to the arrangement of the nuclei in the cells
Which epithelial tissue is found lining the kidney glomerulus, and performs blood filtration?
a) Simple squamous epithelium
b) Simple cuboidal epithelium
c) Stratified squamous epithelium
d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
e) Simple columnar epithelium
a) Simple squamous epithelium
Which epithelial tissue lines the ducts of sweat glands and oil glands?
a) Simple squamous epithelium
b) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
c) Stratified squamous epithelium
d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
e) Transitional epithelium
d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Which epithelial tissue lines most bronchioles and fallopian tubes and moves mucus and
oocytes? Select the best answer.
a) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
b) Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
c) Stratified columnar epithelium
d) Nonciliated pseudostratified epithelium
e) Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
b) Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
In which area would transitional epithelial cells be found?
a) Lining of the esophagus
b) Outer layer of skin
c) Lining of the urinary bladder
d) On the surface of the heart
e) Covering the kidneys
c) Lining of the urinary bladder
Name and describe the types of cells commonly found in connective tissue
Connective tissue can contain fibroblasts, which are large, flat cells with branching projections
that secrete the fibers and ground substance of the matrix. Macrophages develop from monocytes
and are irregular shaped with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria
and cellular debris by phagocytosis. Plasma cells secrete antibodies that attack or neutralize
foreign substances in the body. Mast cells produce histamine that dilates small blood vessels.
Adipocytes store triglycerides. White blood cells migrate from blood to connective tissue in
response to certain immune system conditions.
___________muscle pumps blood through the body and ________is located in the wall of
blood vessels ?
a) Skeletal muscle; smooth muscle
b) Smooth muscle; cardiac muscle
c) Cardiac muscle; smooth muscle
d) Cardiac muscle; skeletal muscle
e) Smooth muscle; smooth muscle
c) Cardiac muscle; smooth muscle
Compare and contrast the functional and structural characteristics of the three types of
muscle tissue
Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues are striated and smooth muscle is not, hence its name.
Skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleus and are large and run parallel to each other.
Cardiac muscle cells usually have only one nucleus and are branched. They also are connected to
each other via gap junctions and desmosomes. This area is known as the intercalated discs.
Smooth muscle cells are small spindle-shaped cells that form thick layers around the hollow
organs. Like cardiac muscle cells, some smooth muscle cells communicate via gap junctions.
Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled while both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue are
involuntary
Nutrients reach the epidermis by
a) absorbing material applied to the surface layer of the skin.
b) utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermis.
c) the outer layer of the skin does not require nutrients because the external layer of cells is not
living.
d) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
d) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
Where is each tissue found?
epithelial-
- Covering all body surfaces, line body cavities, and hollow organs
Where is each tissue found?
connective
- Throughout the entire body; all tendons and ligaments
Where is each tissue found?
muscle
Attached to bone and tendons
Where is each tissue found?
nervous
in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Which statements describe the functions of the basement membrane? For number 34-36, which 3
choices are true.
a) The basal lamina is a specialized type of extracellular material only secreted by connective
tissue cells.
b) Blood vessels in connective tissue do not penetrate the basement membrane, requiring
nutrients to diffuse to the epithelium tissue.
c) Hemidesmosomes connect the reticular lamina to the connective tissue.
d) Epithelial cells produce the laminin which attach to the integrins in hemidesmosomes.
e) Basement membrane helps support and guide cells in migration during tissue repair
b
d
e
In which area would transitional epithelial cells be found?
a) Lining of the esophagus
b) Outer layer of skin
c) Lining of the urinary bladder
d) On the surface of the heart
e) Covering the kidneys
c) Lining of the urinary bladder
Which muscle is non-stratified and involuntary?
Smooth muscle
Which muscle attaches to skeleton?
Skeletal muscle
0) Which muscle is involuntary, stratified, and only covers the walls of the heart?
muscle
The subcutaneous layer is also known as the
a) dermis
b) epidermis
c) stratum corneum
d) stratum basale
e) hypodermis
e) hypodermis
Dense irregular connective tissue will be found in the
a) hypodermis.
b) basement membrane.
c) epidermis.
d) dermis.
e) subcutaneous layer.
d) dermis.
Albinism is the inherited inability to produce
a) melanin.
b) carotene.
c) both melanin and carotene.
d) keratin.
e) melanocytes.
a) melanin.
Describe the structure and function of arrector pili.
Arrector pili are smooth muscles that extend from the superficial dermis of the skin to the
dermal root sheath around the side of the hair follicle. In its normal position, hair emerges at an
angle to the surface of the skin. Under physiological or emotional stress, such as cold or fright,
autonomic nerve endings stimulate the arrector pili muscle to contract, which pulls the hair
shafts perpendicular to the skin surface. This action causes “goose bumps” because the skin
around the shaft forms slight elevations
List and briefly describe the major functions of the skin.
The functions of the skin include: 1) Thermoregulation: The skin thermoregulates in response to
increased temperature by secreting sweat onto its surface and then increasing blood flow to
the surface leading to cooling of the blood. In response to low temperatures, production of
sweat is decreased and blood flow is diverted from surface to conserve heat. 2) The skin
contains 8-10% of the blood and thus serves as a blood reservoir. 3) The skin covers the body
and provides protection using keratin, lipids, secretions like oil and sweat, and immunological
defenses. 4) The skin can detect and respond to cutaneous sensations. 5) The skin helps in
excretion and absorption. 6) The skin also can synthesize vitamin D.
How do nutrients reach the epidermis?
a) absorbing material applied to the surface layer of the skin.
b) utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermis.
c) the outer layer of the skin does not require nutrients because the external layer of cells is not
living.
d) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis.
d) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
Describe the structure and function of the different types of exocrine glands found in the skin
In response to an epidermal injury, basal cells of the epidermis surrounding the wound break
contact with the basement membrane. The cells then enlarge and migrate across the wound.
The cells appear to migrate as a sheet. When epidermal cells encounter each other they stop
migrating due to contact inhibition. Migration of the epidermal cells stops completely when
each is finally in contact with other epidermal cells on all sides. Epidermal growth factor is also
secreted to stimulate the basal stem cells to divide and replace the ones that have moved into
the wound. Epidermal cell division eventually regenerates the strata of the epidermis
- The skin produces Vitamin D when exposed to UV light.
- When the skin is exposed to UV light, it begins the reaction to convert the precursor
molecule to calcitriol in the liver than kidneys. - Vitamin D supplements can be taken if individuals are not exposed to UV light.
- Vitamin D stimulates the uptake of calcium from the intestines.
- Vitamin D inhibits the function of phagocytes in immunity.
a) 1, 2, 3
b) 2, 3, 4
c) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
d) 2, 4, 5
e) 2 and 4
b) 2, 3, 4
Which of the following are functions of the skeletal system? Select all that apply.
(a) Support
(b) Protection
(c) Thermoregulation
(d) Vitamin D production
(e) Assistance in movement
(a) Support
(b) Protection
(e) Assistance in movement
Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones?
a) diaphysis
b) epiphysis
c) proximal metaphysis
d) epiphyseal plate
b) epiphysis
The shaft of a long bone is the
a) diaphysis.
b) epiphysis.
c) metaphysis.
d) periosteum.
e) medullary cavity.
a) diaphysis
The ______ is composed of hyaline cartilage and reduces friction between bones involved in
a joint.
a) periosteum
b) distal epiphysis
c) epiphyseal line
d) articular cartilage
e) epiphyseal plate
d) articular cartilage
What area of long bone is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and osteogenic
cells?
a) periosteum
b) endosteum
c) medullary cavity
d) epiphyseal plate
e) articular cartilage
a) periosteum
