exam 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?
a) Nose
b) Oral cavity
c) Pharynx
d) Trachea
e) Nasal meatuses

A

Trachea

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2
Q

Which of the following is a passageway for air, food and water?
a) Pharynx
b) Larynx
c) Paranasal sinuses
d) Trachea
e) Esophagus

A

Pharynx

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3
Q

Which structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea?
a) Arytenoid cartilage
b) Epiglottis
c) Nasopharynx
d) Thyroid cartilage
e) Paranasal sinus

A

Epiglottis

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4
Q

The gas law that describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation is
a) Boyle’s law
b) Charles’ law
c) Henry’s law
d) The inhalation law
e) The law of partial pressure

A

Boyle’s law

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5
Q

Which structure is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi?
a) Trachea
b) Larynx
c) Nasopharynx
d) Pharynx
e) None of these choices

A

Trachea

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6
Q

Which of the following is NOT a conducting zone action?
a) Clean air of debris
b) Conduct air into the lungs
c) Add water to air
d) Warm air
e) All of these

A

All of these

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6
Q

Exhalation begins when
a) Inspiratory muscles relax
b) Diaphragm contracts
c) Blood circulation is the lowest
d) Both Inspiratory muscles relax and Diaphragm contracts
e) All of these choices

A

Inspiratory muscles relax

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7
Q

Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange?
a) Partial pressure difference of gases
b) surface area availability for gas exchange
c) Diffusion distance
d) Molecular weight and solubility of the gases
e) All of these

A

All of these

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8
Q

Which of the following is the primary gas exchange site?
a) Trachea
b) Bronchiole
c) Nasal sinuses
d) Alveolus
e) Bronchus

A

Alveolus

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9
Q

Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system?
a) stratified squamous epithelium with keratin
b) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
c) hyaline cartilage
d) mucus membrane
e) bone

A

hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called
a) Carina
b) Secondary bronchioles
c) Parietal pleura
d) Visceral pleura
e) Diaphragm

A

Carina

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11
Q

When blood pH drops, the amount of oxyhemoglobin _____ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells _____.
a) Increases, increases
b) Increases, decreases
c) Decreases, increases
d) Decreases, decreases
e) Does not change, does not change

A

Decreases, increases

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12
Q

A man is found lying unconscious on the floor of his apartment during a very cold period. A space heater is nearby. His lips appear to be cherry red in color. He might be suffering from
a) carbon dioxide poisoning
b) sulfur dioxide poisoning
c) carbon monoxide poisoning
d) excessive oxygen intake
e) any of these is possible

A

carbon monoxide poisoning

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13
Q

Describe and explain the effects of smoking on the functioning of the respiratory system.

A

Nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles to increase airway resistance, as does the increased mucus secretion and swelling of the mucosa. Smoke inhibits the movement of cilia, which allows buildup of substances and microbes normally removed. Carbon monoxide in s smoke binds to hemoglobin and reduces its oxygen-carrying capacity. Over time, smoking leads to destruction of elastic tissue, which decreases compliance, and ultimately to the effects of emphysema.

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13
Q

An individual suffers a blood clot in an artery that delivers blood to his leg. The leg begins to take on a blue hue, becomes colder than the rest of his body and he experiences numbness in the leg. He is most likely experiencing
a) anemic hypoxia
b) ischemic hypoxia
c) hypoxic hypoxia
d) histotoxic hypoxia
e) allergic hypoxia

A

ischemic hypoxia

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14
Q

Normal quiet breathing is controlled by the
a) Pontine respiratory group
b) Medullary respiratory center dorsal respiratory group
c) Medullary respiratory center ventral respiratory group
d) Medullary respiratory center dorsal respiratory group and medullary respiratory center ventral respiratory group
e) all of these

A

all of these

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15
Q

Which of the following is a deep inhalation through a widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the mandible, the precise cause of which is unknown?
a) sobbing
b) yawning
c) coughing
d) laughing
e) hiccupping

A

yawning

16
Q

Which of the following is a long drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation?
a) sobbing
b) yawning
c) sighing
d) hiccupping
e) Valsalva maneuver

A

sighing

17
Q

Which of the following is a spasmodic contraction of the muscles of exhalation that forcefully expels air through the nose and mouth?
a) sobbing
b) sneezing
c) coughing
d) sighing
e) Valsalva maneuver

A

sneezing

18
Q

With which body system does the respiratory system work to regulate the pH of body fluids?
a) muscular
b) digestive
c) nervous
d) endocrine
e) urinary

A

urinary

19
Q

Which of following processes is the function of the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system?
a) Ingestion
b) Secretion
c) Mixing and propulsion
d) Absorption

A

Mixing and propulsion

20
Q

Which of the following processes is the primary function of the villi of the small intestine?
a) Ingestion
b) Secretion
c) Mixing and propulsion
d) Absorption
e) None of these choices

A

Absorption

20
Q

Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid to soften food?
a) Teeth
b) Salivary glands
c) Liver
d) Gallbladder
e) Pharynx

A

Salivary glands

21
Q

Which of following processes is the primary function of the mouth?
a) Ingestion
b) Secretion
c) Mixing and propulsion
d) Absorption
e) None of these choices

A

Ingestion

22
Q

Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats?
a) Teeth
b) Salivary glands
c) Liver
d) Gallbladder
e) Pharynx

A

Liver

23
Q

Which of the following accessory organs stores bile?
a) Teeth
b) Salivary glands
c) Liver
d) Gallbladder
e) Pharynx

A

Gallbladder

24
Q

Which layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis?
a) Submucosa
b) Lamina propria
c) Epithelium
d) Serosa
e) None of these choices

A

Submucosa

25
Q

Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract is composed of areolar connective tissue and epithelium?
a) Serosa
b) Submucosa
c) Muscularis
d) Mucosa
e) MALT

A

Serosa

26
Q

Why do emotions such as anger or fear slow digestion?
a) Because they stimulate the parasympathetic nerves supplying the GI tract
b) Because they stimulate the somatic nerves that supply the GI tract
c) Because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract
d) They do not affect digestion
e) Because all emotions are controlled by the Vagus nerve

A

Because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract

27
Q

In the mouth, the tooth sockets are lined with
a) Gingivae
b) Cementum
c) Periodontal ligament
d) Pulp
e) Root

A

Periodontal ligament

28
Q

Which of the following layers of the GI tract contains skeletal muscle?
a) Muscularis of the mouth, pharynx and upper esophagus
b) Muscularis of the stomach, small and large intestines
c) Serosa
d) Submucosa
e) Myotonic plexus

A

Muscularis of the mouth, pharynx and upper esophagus

29
Q

Which of the following pancreatic enzymes digests lipids?
a) Trypsin
b) Elastase
c) Lipase
d) Pepsin
e) All of these choices

A

Lipase

30
Q

Which of the following structures is found on the liver and is a remnant of the umbilical vein in a fetus?
a) Coronary ligament
b) Falciform ligament
c) Round ligament
d) Kupffer ligament
e) Bile ductules

A

Round ligament

31
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver itself?
a) Conversion of carbohydrates
b) Protein metabolism
c) Storage of bile
d) Phagocytosis
e) Storage of vitamins

A

Storage of bile

32
Q

Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts on glycogen and starches?
a) Chymotrypsin
b) Amylase
c) Trypsin
d) Phosphatase
e) Nucleosidase

A

Amylase

33
Q

Which hormone is stimulated by high levels of amino acids and fatty acids in the small intestine?
a) Pepsin
b) Secretin
c) Gastrin
d) Cholecystokinin
e) Amylase

A

Cholecystokinin

34
Q

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the large intestine?
a) Mechanical digestion
b) Chemical digestion
c) Absorption
d) Feces formation
e) Regulation of blood glucose

A

Regulation of blood glucose

35
Q

Describe the role of the liver in protein metabolism.

A

Hepatocytes deaminate amino acids. The amine group is converted to toxic ammonia. Hepatocytes convert the toxic ammonia to less toxic urea for excretion in urine. The liver also synthesizes many proteins, including most plasma proteins.

36
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of the small intestine that enhance its function as the major absorber of nutrients.

A

All structures increase surface area to increase the rate of reabsorption: great length (10’ in living humans), microvilli on plasma membrane of each epithelial cell, villi (fingerlike projections of mucosa), and circular folds (permanent ridges in the mucosa).

37
Q

Which of the following is NOT a change in the digestive system associated with aging?
a) Decreased secretory mechanisms
b) Decreased motility of the digestive organs
c) Loss of strength and tone of the muscular tissue
d) Changes in neurosensory feedback regarding enzyme and hormone release
e) All of these are age related changes in the digestive system.

A

All of these are age related changes in the digestive system.