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Research Design One > Exam One - Sampling in PT literature > Flashcards

Exam One - Sampling in PT literature Flashcards

1
Q

Generalization

A

process of drawing conclusions (that apply to all) from a small number of observations

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2
Q

population

A

larger group to which results are generalized

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3
Q

sample

A

a subgroup of the population used for estimating characteristics of that population

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4
Q

inclusion criteria

A

description of the traits that qualify someone to be a subject
to whom can we generalize these results to?

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5
Q

exclusion criteria

A

description of factors that preclude participation
factors are generally confounding to the results

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6
Q

What is the value of inclusion and exclusion criteria?

A
  • define your population
  • limit the influence of confounding subject characteristics
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7
Q

efficacy

A

very strict inclusion and exclusion criteria minimize selection bias and increase your ability to make cause/effect conclusions

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8
Q

efficacy trials =

A

high control, limited bias

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9
Q

effectiveness

A

less strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. increase risk for bias, limit control, and offer less confidence in cause/effect conclusions

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10
Q

effectiveness trials

A

limited control, greater bias

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11
Q

probability sampling

A

randomization involved at some point in the process

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12
Q

non-probability sampling

A

no randomization
must question ability to generalize
far more common in clinical research

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13
Q

What are the main types of probability sampling

A
  • simple random sampling
  • systematic sampling
  • stratified sampling
  • cluster sampling
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14
Q

simple random sampling

A

each member of the population of interest is equally likely to be selected
(requires entire pop to be known)

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15
Q

systematic sampling

A

participants chosen from a list (every Kth name)
no independent chance of being selected
need a list of the entire population

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16
Q

stratified sampling

A

limits sampling error associated with pure random sampling b/c its possible to randomly over/undersample on some key variable
- random sampling from subgroups

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17
Q

cluster sampling

A

divide pop into clusters, randomly sample clusters, measure all units within sampled clusters and then extrapolate to entire population

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18
Q

What are some types of nonprobability sampling

A

1 - convenience sampling
2 - quota sampling

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19
Q

convenience sampling

A

“they are there” very common
- subjects chosen based on availability
- subjects typically from one clinical site
- volunteers tend to have greater motivation
- enrollment typically as participants become available

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20
Q

quota sampling

A
  • nonprobability of stratified sampling
    0 subgroups of subjects that vary on some characteristic are recruited until appropriate sample size is reached
21
Q

The more subjects you analyze, the _________ confident you can be that your sample represents the pop characteristics you with to measure

A

more

22
Q

internal validity

A

the degree that a cause and effect relationship is free from the effects of confounding variables
- our confidence that a change in one thing CAUSED a change in the outcome of interest

23
Q

what are 3 requirements for internal validity

A

1 - temporal precedence
2 - covariation of cause and effect
3 - no plausible alternative explanations

24
Q

temporal precendence

A

the change in outcome must occur after a change in the treatment

25
Q

covariation of cause and effect

A

outcome only occurs in the presence of the intervention or greater intervention, greater outcome

26
Q

no plausible alternative explanation

A

rule out competing reasons for the observed change in the outcome of interest besides the intervention

27
Q

What are some threats to internal validity?

A
  • history
  • maturation
  • testing
  • instrumentation
  • mortality/attrition
  • regression to the mean
28
Q

history effects

A

events unrelated to the study that may influence the dependent variable

29
Q

maturation effects

A

changes occur in the outcome of interest as a result of the passing of time or time might change the outcome measure

30
Q

testing effects

A

repeated test taking may improve scores

31
Q

instrumentation effects

A

a change in instrumentation that affects the outcome of interest

32
Q

mortality/attrition effects

A

subjects are “dying” with respect to your study (dropping out)

33
Q

regression to the mean effects

A

statistical phenomenon that affects studies where groups are selected based on extreme scores to a single test

34
Q

How do you stop the outcome of interest being affected by any interaction of the subject with the investigator

A

blinding the subjects and/or investigator

35
Q

What are two types of social threats to internal validity?

A
  • performance bias
  • attention bias
36
Q

Performance bias (2 types)

A
  • contamination
  • conintervention
37
Q

performance bias

A

inconsistency in the application of the experimental condition

38
Q

contamination

A

members of the control group receive the intervention

39
Q

cointervention

A

subjects seek/receive another form of treatment that influences the DV during the experiment

40
Q

attention bias (2 types)

A
  • hawthorne effect
  • reverse hawthorne effect
41
Q

hawthorne effect

A

people’s behavior and performance improve following any new or increased attention

42
Q

reverse hawthorne effec

A

peoples behavior and performance decline if they perceive they are not receiving equal attention and care

43
Q

recall bias

A

error associated with self-report tools asking for subjects to recall past events

44
Q

external validity

A

can you generalize your results to other patients, settings, or times?

45
Q

people threat to EV

A

selection process yields sample that does not represent the pop the researches hope to apply the results to

46
Q

place threat to EV

A

outcomes affected by the setting in which the data were collected

47
Q

ecological validity

A

study atmosphere resembles real life

48
Q

time threats to EV

A

results of an experiment specific to the era the data were collected

Research Design One (20 decks)

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