Exam One - Introduction

Question 1

Why is research important to us?

Answer 1

1 - Evaluate physical therapy practice
2 - improve patient care
3 - PTs are healthcare professionals
4 - NPTE questions

Question 2

Nature of research

Answer 2

• logical
• self-corrective
• replicable
• controlled
• empiracal

Question 3

logical

Answer 3

combines personal experience, intellectual faculties, and formal systems of thought

Question 4

inductive reasoning

Answer 4

specific to general
- development of theories from observations

Question 5

deductive reasoning

Answer 5

general to specific
- testing or confirming hypothesis

Question 6

scientific method is ________ and includes both inductive and deductive reasoning

Answer 6

systematic

Question 7

self-corrective

Answer 7

• continuous, repetitive search for knowledge
• examines theories (unknown) and facts (known)
• process may take time

Question 8

replicable

Answer 8

anyone with the requisite training should, at least in principle, be able to observe the same thing or perform the same test

Question 9

controlled

Answer 9

limit influence of extraneous factors on the variables in question

Question 10

empiracal

Answer 10

• provable or verifiable by experience or experiment
• objective data documented through direct observation or MEASUREMENT

Question 11

Alternatives to science/ Other ways of “knowing”

Answer 11

1 - tenacity
2 - tradition
3 - intuition
4 - authority

Question 12

tenacity

Answer 12

cling to beliefs regardless of evidence

Question 13

tradition

Answer 13

understanding of the world based on precedent )accepted without validation or testing against better alternatives)

Question 14

intuition

Answer 14

combination of personal experience, intelligence, and reasoning

Question 15

authority

Answer 15

qualifications based on experiences, success, or reputation

Question 16

Which alternative to science method is best if scientific evidence is not available?

Answer 16

authority

Question 17

pyramid of doubt

Answer 17

science
authority
intuition
tradition
tenacity

Question 18

basic science is…

Answer 18

results lack clear application
application of knowledge for its own sake
animal subjects
laboratories
careful control

Question 19

applied science is

Answer 19

results directly useful
respond to immediate problems
human subjects
real world settings
limited control

Question 20

What are the 3 potential scientific goals?

Answer 20

1 - describe populations or processes
2 - establish relationships
3 - establish cause and effect

Question 21

descriptive research

Answer 21

activities to classify and understand the scope of clinical or social phenomena

Question 22

What are some descriptive research designs?

Answer 22

developmental research
normative research
descriptive surveys
case reports
historical research
qualitative research

Question 23

exploratory research

Answer 23

examination of a phenomenon of interest and how it relates to other factors

Question 24

what are some examples of exploratory research designs?

Answer 24

cohort studies
case-control studies
correlational and predictive research
methodological research reliability/validity

Question 25

explanatory research

Answer 25

activities intended to test for cause/effect relationships

Question 26

what are some examples of explanatory research designs?

Answer 26

randomized controlled trials
pragmatic clinical trials
quasi-experiments
single-subject design

Question 27

Science is ________ and certainty is __________

Answer 27

slow, elusive