Exam II: LA Cycling and Infertility Flashcards
Menicucci
What does Tritrichomonas fetus infection lead to?
What is their carrier state?
How do you diagnose?
What are the control measures?
Objectives:
o Understanding causes of bovine abortion.
o Differentiating forms of pregnancy loss.
o Proposing effective diagnostic and management strategies.
o Leads to infertility and occasional abortion in cows.
o Carrier: Asymptomatic bulls.
o Diagnosis: PCR tests.
o Control Measures: Eliminate carriers, use artificial insemination.
What does campylbacteriosis, C. fetus infection, lead to?
What is their carrier state?
How do you diagnose?
What are the control measures?
Objectives:
o Understanding causes of bovine abortion.
o Differentiating forms of pregnancy loss.
o Proposing effective diagnostic and management strategies.
o Causes infertility and sporadic abortions in cattle.
o Diagnosis: Culture from preputial smegma.
o Control Measures: Testing bulls, vaccination.
What is the reproductive impact of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) on the herd?
Objectives:
o Understanding causes of bovine abortion.
o Differentiating forms of pregnancy loss.
o Proposing effective diagnostic and management strategies.
o Distribution: Worldwide.
o Control Measures: Vaccinations, biosecurity, testing, and culling.
o Clinical Signs: Acute infections (fever, diarrhea), chronic infections (poor growth, reproductive issues).
o Reproductive Impact: Early embryonic death, abortions, congenital defects, PI calves.
o Diagnosis: Serology, PCR, virus isolation, ear notch testing.
o Economic Impact: Reduced productivity, increased veterinary costs, culling losses.
What is the reproductive impact of infectious bovine rhinotracheitits (IBR)?
Objectives:
o Understanding causes of bovine abortion.
o Differentiating forms of pregnancy loss.
o Proposing effective diagnostic and management strategies.
o Distribution: Worldwide.
o Control Measures: Vaccinations, biosecurity, isolation of infected animals.
o Clinical Signs: Respiratory symptoms, reproductive issues, conjunctivitis.
o Reproductive Impact: Abortions typically at 4-8 months, infertility.
o Pathogenesis: Caused by BHV-1.
o Diagnosis: PCR, virus isolation, serology, necropsy.
o Economic Impact: Reduced productivity, increased veterinary costs, culling losses.
What is the reproductive impact of leptospirosis on a heard?
Objectives:
o Understanding causes of bovine abortion.
o Differentiating forms of pregnancy loss.
o Proposing effective diagnostic and management strategies.
o Distribution: Worldwide.
o Control Measures: Vaccinations, rodent control, biosecurity, isolation.
o Clinical Signs: Fever, lethargy, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, abortions, decreased milk production, infertility.
o Reproductive Impact: Abortions in the last trimester, stillbirths, weak calves.
o Pathogenesis: Caused by Leptospira bacteria.
o Diagnosis: Serology, PCR, darkfield microscopy, culture.
o Economic Impact: Reduced productivity, increased veterinary costs, culling losses.
What is the reproductive impact of brucella abortus on the herd?
Objectives:
o Understanding causes of bovine abortion.
o Differentiating forms of pregnancy loss.
o Proposing effective diagnostic and management strategies.
o Distribution: Worldwide; all US states now classified “Free”; wildlife reservoir in Yellowstone.
o Control Measures: Vaccinations, testing, culling.
o Zoonosis: Undulant fever, orchitis, arthritis.
o Pathogenesis: Placentitis → Placental dysfunction → Fetal death; occurs at 5-7 months of gestation.
o Diagnosis: Serology, smears, culture, FA.
What is the reproductive impact of Neospora caninum on a herd?
Objectives:
o Understanding causes of bovine abortion.
o Differentiating forms of pregnancy loss.
o Proposing effective diagnostic and management strategies.
high abortion rate, persistent infection
there are vaccinations, biosecurity, and preventing dog access to feed and water sources can prevent this
abortions will occur mid to late gestation, weak calves and neurological symptoms
you would need serology (ELISA), PCR, and histopath to confirm
why do we care?
reduced roductivity, increased veterinary costs, culling losses.
What are some other infectious causes of abortion?
- Sepsis: Systemic infection leading to abortion, severe illness in the dam.
- Listeria: Caused by Listeria monocytogenes, typically affects late gestation.
- Salmonella: Causes placentitis and fetal death, especially in stressed herds.
- Histophilus somni: Opportunistic pathogen linked to respiratory infections.
- Viral Infections: Chlamydia and Bluetongue
What are the major agents of abortion in the bovine?
BVD, neospora, bacterial and mycotic infections
- Early Embryonic Death (EED):
o Loss within the first 40 days.
o 35% of cows remain open at pregnancy checks. - Abortion:
o Loss between 40-260 days of gestation.
o Rate: 3-4%. - Stillbirth:
o Calf born dead at normal gestational age.
o Causes: Asphyxia (80%) and congenital abnormalities (<10%). - Weak Neonates:
o Calves less than 24 hours old, often classified as “stillbirth.”
Identify common congenital and developmental origins of female infertility in nulliparous heifers.
- Freemartinism: Female co-twinned to a male, 90% sterile. Diagnosis through test tube insertion, karyotyping, and palpation.
- Segmental Aplasia (“White Heifer Disease”): Missing or incomplete reproductive parts, linked to white color gene in Shorthorns.
- Uterus Unicornus: Entire horn missing, can conceive but delayed.
- Double Cervix: Failure of Muellerian duct fusion, heritable component.
- Ovarian Hypoplasia: Unilateral or bilateral, associated with inbreeding.
Compare and contrast common ovarian pathologies regarding origin, clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis.
- Cystic Ovarian Disease: Common cause of infertility, various cyst types (follicular, luteal).
- Granulosa Cell Tumor: Most common ovarian tumor, treated by surgical removal.
Design a diagnostic approach to evaluate reported infertility in female bovines.
no estrus vs unobserved estrus
- No Estrus: Check for pregnancy, uterine/ovarian pathology.
- Unobserved Estrus: Solutions for improving heat detection.
Get history
Explain how uterine involution affects subsequent fertility for both healthy and unhealthy uterine environments.
normal uterine involution
* Post-Partum Changes
o Vascular system regresses, and muscular contractions continue.
o Full reduction in size occurs by 40-45 days, crucial for uterine health and fertility.
* Impact on Fertility
o Proper involution prepares the uterus for the next breeding cycle.
o Reduces the risk of complications.
Compare and contrast common uterine pathologies regarding origin, clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis.
Retained Fetal Membranes (RFM)
* Incidence: 3-12%, increases with abnormal deliveries.
* Pathogenesis: Dystocia, milk fever, vitamin deficiencies.
* Treatment: Avoid manual removal, use of oxytocin, prostaglandins.
* Prevention: Nutritional and environmental management, preventing dystocia.
Metritis vs. Endometritis
* Metritis: < 10 days post-calving, involves all uterine layers.
* Endometritis: > 26 days post-calving, involves endometrium only.
* Economics: Significant costs due to treatment and extended days open.
Pyometra
* Characteristics: Postpartum accumulation of pus, presence of CL, anestrus.
* Pathogenesis: Follows metritis, failure of PGF release, retained CL.
* Diagnosis and Treatment: Clinical signs, rectal examination, use of PGF-2α.
Antibiotics for Metritis
* Intrauterine Antibiotics
o Reduce the risk of fever but have no effect on reproductive performance.
* Parenteral Antibiotics
o No benefits for metritis without systemic illness, used for toxic metritis.
* Traditional and Approved Drugs
o Penicillin G, Ceftiofur (Excenel or Excede), and Ampicillin.
Antibiotics and Treatments
* Antibiotics for T. pyogenes: Penicillin, ampicillin, oxytetracycline.
* Intrauterine Treatments: Generally not recommended due to effectiveness and residue concerns.
* Parenteral Antibiotics: Used for systemic illness, recommended drugs include Ceftiofur and Penicillin G
