Exam I - Remediation Flashcards
General and Seizures
In the pelvic limb, what is the nerve and sc segment for the following reflexes:
patellar
cranial tibial
gastrocnemius
withdrawal
patellar: femoral n. L4-L6
cranial tibial: Peroneal branch of the sciatic n L6-L7
gastrocnemius: tibial branch of the sciatic n. L7-S1
withdrawal: sciatic n. L6-S1
In the thoracic limb, what is the nerve and sc segment for the following reflexes:
biceps
triceps
extensor carpi
withdrawal
biceps: musculocutaneous n. (C6-C8)
triceps: radial n. (C7-T1)
extensor carpi radialis: radial n. (C7-T1)
withdrawal: all TL nerves C6-T2
What are the big three neuro differentials in a young horse?
CVCM (wobblers), EPM (equine protozoal encephalopathy, infectious), and EDM equine degenerative myelopathy.
They will have ataxia, dysmetria and paresis in all four limbs.
horses mainly have spinal disease (as opposed to brain and cranial nerves)
LA Neuro
True or False:
There are a lot of brain diseases seen in the horse
False, brain diseases are more commonly seen in livestock. The horse has a lot of spinal cord pathologies that include CVCM, EDM and eNAD, EPM/EHM and trauma and neoplasia.
It is also wirth mentioning that the guttoral pouch can affect CN VII and VIII
What are the core vaccines required by the american association of equine practitioners?
rabies, tetanus, EEE, WEE, WNV
A ruminant has an absent menace and intact PLR, what should be on your list of differentials?
cortical diseases: PEM
PEM
What should you inspect in the horse if cranial nerves V, VII, VIII, IX, and X are affected?
the guttoral pouch for strep equi equi, GP mycosis, and temporohyoosteopathy (THO)
What is the treatment for a horse with CVCM? What if they are older?
In horses between the ages of 1 and 2, a dietary caloric restriction will be helpful as CVCM usually affect young, large breed, fast growing male horses.
In older horses, surgery (cervial vertebral interbody fusion) may be indicated. Horses generally do well.
What causes EPM, who is the definitive host, what are the clinical signs and treatment?
EPM is a multifocal, progressive disease defined by the range of the opossum. Clinical signs are variable but is caused by asymmetry, muscle strophy, ataxia, dysmetria, and paresis. As for the brainstem CN VII and VIII can
be affected. you may also see seizures and lethargy.
EPM can be diagnosed with serum:csf titer ratio, SAG2,4/3 ELISA antemortem.
The treatment is Ponazuril - Marquid, sulfadiazine/pyrimethamine - ReBalance, Diclazuril - Protazil.
EPM is main differential for CVCM
EPM - sarcocystis neurona, neospora hughesi
What are the differential diagnoses for EMD/eNAD, how is it diagnosed, and what is the treatment and prognosis?
differentials are CVCM, EPM, EHM
diagnosis: exclusion of other conditions, EDM in bloodline, low serum vitamin E
Treatment: Vitamin E supplementation but prognosis is poor.
A horse walks in and it look like his shoulder is falling off, you ndon’t panic because you know it’s just ___________
sweeney, suprascapular n. paralysis.
there will be muscle atrophy, and shoulder exorotation
caused by trauma to nerve at the point of the shoulder (working horses)
Who is the reservoir host of EEE, WEE, and WNV? How can you diagnose these encephalitides?
birds
IgM capture ELISA (IgM is elevated for 4-6 weeks and can differentiate from vaccine)
A horse is dog-sitting. what is your top differential? What other expectations are there with this disease?
EHM-1, rare but severe and contagious disease
worse in pelvic limbs, loss of tail tone, and incontinence (UMN bladder)
The cortical diseases discussed in LA Neuro was PEM, salt toxicity/ water deprivation, lead poisonins, rabies, and transmissible spongiform encephalopathie.
Which requires a biopsy of the third eyelid or rectal mucosa for diagnosis?
Which could progress to acute encephalopathy due to increased intracranial pressure/ CNS edema?
Which responds to thiamine (vitamin B1)?
Scrapie, the sheep affecting TSE disease that causes pruritis and is only prevented through genetic testing.
salt toxicity, sodium accumulates in the neurons in the CSF, the hyperosmolarity leads to reduced energy dependent sodium transport and ineffiecient cell sodium removal, triggeres the thirst receptors to trigger H2O concumption, water from ECF then shifts ICF and that leads to CNS edema.
PEM, thiamine is an important co-facotr for transketolase (the rate limitng enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway) to shift to glycolysis to make pyruvate which then needs pyruvate dehydrogenase (which also uses thiamine) to continue the cycle to acetyl-coa which is needed for the citric acid cycle.
What are the differentials for PEM in livestock?
salt poisoning, water deprivation, lead posioning, and vitamin a deficiency.
