Exam II: ALL Flashcards
What does an influx of Ca into cells cause?
Activation of : phospholipases,
proteases,
endonucleases
and ATPases
This histology slide is characteristic for what kind of cell change?
Hydrophic change
- enlarged cells,
- clear cytoplasm,
- normal nucleus location
The organ on the left is exhibiting what type of change?
hydropic degeneration from cell injury (reversible)
-accumulation of water in the cell, caused by multiple injuries agents
True or false: fatty changes can be seen in all cell types?
false; occurs only in cells that participate in fat metabolism (hepatocytes), cardiomyocytes and renal tubular epithelium
Name the histological change shown here
Lipidosis (fatty degeneration)
- accumulation of fat in cells,
- nucleus pushed to periphery,
- fat accumulation DOES NOT STAIN
true or false: when necrosis is present there is always inflammation?
TRUE
This nuclear change is called:
Karyolysis (nuclear fading)
This nuclear change is called:
Pyknosis (nuclear shrinking)
This nuclear change is called:
karyorrhexis (fragmentation)
Name the necrosis pattern associated with hypoxic injury
coagulative
pattern of necrosis where cell architecture is preserved
coagulative
Name the injury
infarct
What type of necrosis is associated with ischemia?
coagulative
Most common cause of caseous necrosis in cattle
mycobacterium
most common cause of caseous necrosis in sheep
cornyebacterium
prolonged lack of adequate blood supply is called
ischemia
What type of necrosis is shown here?
Liquefactive
- abscess
- tissue unrecognizable
- not fibrous capsule
- center has eosinophilic or basophilic material and bacterial colonies
What type of necrosis is shown here?
caseous
- abscess,
- chronic (usually)
- ring of macrophages and MNGC,
- obliterated tissue,
- dystrophic calcification
main cause of dry gangrene
ischemia
main difference between dry and wet gangrene
wet gangrene = bacteria
what are the ONLY 3 types of fat necrosis?
enzymatic (saponification in the pancreas–looks cooked),
traumatic (dystocia),
necrosis of abdominal fat (Jersey/Guernsey, unknown cause)
What is shown here?
saponification of fat in pancreas (fat necrosis)
What is shown here?
Necrosis of abdominal fat:
-fatty acids are acting with calcium and therefore can become pigmented (normal fat does not stain)
what is happening in this vascular wall?
fibrinoid necrosis – typical of immune rxns involving BV
What is happening in this image?
cell undering apoptosis – hypereosinophilia and condensation of chromatin
What are the initiator caspases of apoptosis
9 & 8
what are the executioner caspases of apoptosis?
3 & 6
what triggers the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
mitochondrial pathway – release of cytochrome C
what triggers the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
death receptor initiated pathway
What 4 things initiate apoptosis?
injury, withdrawal of growth factors/hormones, receptor-ligand interactions and cytotoxic T lymphocytes
what are the four markers used to ID apoptotic cells?
annexin V, thrombospodin, caspases, C1q
the receptor-ligand interactions that trigger apoptosis involve what?
Fas and TNF receptor
disorders of defective apoptosis with INCREASED cell survival
cell with mutated p53,
lymphocytes that react to self antigen,
failure to eliminate dead cells
*may be the basis of autoimmune disorders
disorders with increased apoptosis and excessive cell death
neurodegenerative diseases,
ischemic injury (myocardial infarction and stroke),
death of virus-infected cell
normal vascular endothelium is ___thrombotic and ___fibrinolytic
antithrombotic,
pro-fibrinolytic
(we do not want clots forming normally)
action of nitrous oxide on blood vessel
vasodilator
action of endothelin on blood vessel
vasoconstrictor
4 causes of edema
increased blood hydrostatic pressure,
decreased plasma colloid oncotic pressure,
lymphatic obstruction,
increased vascular permeability
right sided congestive heart failure and a tightly bandaged limb are both examples of what cause of edema?
increased blood hydrostatic pressure
Starvation, GI malabsorption, Liver disease and increased protein loss are examples of what cause of edema?
decreased plasma colloid oncotic pressure (decreased proteins being absorbed or made in vasculature)
inflammatory edema is called?
exudate; protein rich, caused by increased vascular permeability
non-inflammatory edema is called?
transudate; pale, protein-poor
anasarca
generalized edema (puppy pic)
frothy, moist enlarged lungs are associated with
pulmonary edema – left sided congestive heart failure
heart failure cells are characteristic of ___sided cardiac failure
left -sideded.
Hepatic congestion is seen in ___ sided heart failure
right sided
nutmeg liver is caused by
right sided congestive heart failure
This is tissue from a cow. Could this be coagulative necrosis caused by mycobacterium?
No; coagulative necrosis starts with hypoxia; this is caseous necrosis
use of improperly buffered formalin may lead to what type of artifact on a histological exam?
acid hematin
what pigment is contained in heart failure cells and what do you stain it with?
hemosiderin; iron’s pearl
What’s the most likely etiology:
vit E/selenium deficiency
true or false: fibrosis on lungs of ruminants is normal
true
