Exam 1: Anomalies, Artifacts and Non-significant Lesions Flashcards
What is the name of a finding that is commonly found but may vary from species to species?
Normal
What type of finding shows a change that occurs which is iatrogenic?
Artifact
What is an abnormality that has no known clinical relevance to disease?
Non-significant lesion
Name this anatomic structure. What species is this present in?
Bovid: Ossa Cordis.
Similar structure found in old horses and older large breed dogs.
In what animals is this structure cartilagenous?
Foals
In what animal is this a hemopoietic organ?
Goats
Name this tissue from a bovine. What specialized structure is visible in the mucosal layer of this specimen?
Small Intestine (Ileum). Peyer’s Patches (can also be in the jejunum, becoming more numerous as you move distally along the small intestine)
What is shown here?
Peyer’s patches in the Ileum
What cells form the peyer’s patches?
Aggregated lymphatic nodules in the lamina propria and submucosa of small intestine, lined by microfold cells
Name is tissue from a dog. What are the whitish structues present?
Cecum; lymphoid aggregates
When are these whitish structures usually seen in dogs?
are they ever present in other species? What layer are these structures located in?
at all ages but more prominent in younger dogs.
Horses.
Muscularis? not sure
Identify this feline organ. What is seen that is common for this organ?
liver. Bi-lobed gall bladders (common in cats)
Name this tissue (from a horse) and finding.
Could this be seen in any other animals?
Horse spleen; lymphoid hyperlasia
May also be seen in cows
Why do young animals normally have lymphoid hyperplasia?
Because their immune system is growing
Name this tissue anomaly in the dog. Is this a normal variation?
Bilobed tailed of the spleen;
this is a normal variation in the dog
How can we tell if the bilobed portion of this organ from a dog is caused by trauma or is normal?
This is in a dog so it is an expected normal variation.
There is no fibrosis, no connected daughter spleens or fibrous adhesions which would indicate a rupture
What is a daughter spleen?
A daughter spleen is a fragment of the spleen which has broken off via trauma, but remains attached to the spleen via fibrous connective tissue (fibrosis)
Name this organ from a horse. What is the white fiber and what was it caused by?
This is a horse spleen.
There is a fibrous adhesion where the splenic capsule was likely damaged
Identify this organ from the horse. What are the red protrusion?
This is a horse spleen. The red protrusions are extruded red pulp. They are typically 1-3mm blebs on the splenic capsular surface
Whare are the changes shown in the yellow rectangle on this horse spleen? Do they indicate trauma?
Extruded red pulp and splenic capsular folds; Primarily seen in horses/foals.
Not due to trauma
Name this species and the specialized structure
Emu
tracheal diverticulum - opens to an inflatable sac
Identify this bovine tissue. What is the change?
This is the lung (see the trachea?);
melanosis is the change
In what animals is melanosis primarily seen in?
Is it a normal finding?
seen in black-faced sheep, angus cattle, holstein cattle;
it is NORMAL black pigmentation
What other organs are commonly affected by melanosis?
(lungs) meninges, uterus, intima of pulmonary artery
Is this melanosis?
NO, this is pseudomelanosis. This is a post-mortem change
Identify this tissue from a sheep and the change present
Uterus;
caruncular and intercaruncular melanosis
In what animals is this change primarily present in?
Primarily in black-faced ewes and multiparus ewes
Identify this horse organ. What is the material in the lumen of this organ?
This is a urinary bladder; urine sediment
What causes the appearance of this material? In what animals is this a normal finding?
urine sediment is caused by high calcium carbonate and mucus in the urine of horses. It is normal in horses, rabbits and guinea pigs.
What may cause an increase in this normal material in a horse urinary bladder?
dehydration and defects in nutrition
What is the material in the nasal cavity of this cow? Is this a pre or post mortem change?
this is ingesta trapped in the nasal cavity;
this is a post mortem change caused by hanging the carcass after death
Name the tissue. Is this a normal finding for this tissue?
Rumen; This is a normal finding in a healthy rumen
What are we seeing in this rumen from a cow?
How long after death does this take to occur?
If this is not present in a cow, what should we expect?
peeling away of the mucosal epithelium (showing hyperemic propria underneath);
starts at 20 minutes after death;
if no easy sloughing seen we expect ruminal acidosis (and scarring)
Name this tissue from the cat. What are the white discolorations?
this is a heart. shown is pale streaking caused from euthanasia (may also see salt precipitates on the surface of the heart)
Name this tissue from the cow. Name the two prominent holes
Heart. Subaortic egion of the ventricular septum; VSD (upper) and knife cut (lower)
Identify these tissues from a cat.
A - pancreas
B - stomach,
C - omental fat
D - duodenum
This tissue is from a cat. What is the material being pointed to? Is this a common finding?
postmortem focal dilatation due to sudden release of bile. It is very UNCOMMON. (typically you will see a collection of bile here and bile staining – bile imbibition)
Abundant billowing nasal frowth and foam is often an indication of what?
excessive pulmonary edema.
this may also be a post-mortem artifact so other evidence must be found.
Descibe what is happening here. Is this a pre or post mortem change? How can you tell?
post mortem intestinal intussusception
there is no color changes (also if it is easily reduced)
Is this a pre or postmortem change? how can you tell?
Pre-mortem; you can tell from edema, congestion, adhesions
based on the color and structure, what is the material inside this cystic structure in this cow tissue? Is this a common finding?
cow heart with valvular hematocysts;
this is normal in calves (they develop during embryogenesis)
Name the tissue and lesions in this cow. Are these normal?
cow heart: terminal endocardial hemorrhages;
common and insignificant, occasionally represent inflammation or necrosis
Name this tissue from a dog. What are the white hard structures present?
lung; parenchymal osseous metaplasia
In what species is this a common finding? What causes it?
dogs and birds;
unknown cause (age related change in dogs) (common insignificant finding)
name the organ. What are the visible plaques seen?
dog spleen; siderotic plaques (common insignificant finding)
composed of fibrosis, mineralization and histiocytes w/ hemosiderin and hematoidin
Name the tissues. what is the yellow pigment here? What is the basophillic material?
hematoidin is yellow-brown to orange-red pigment derived from hemoglobin but free of iron
basophilic amorphous material is mineralized tissue
Name the tissues from a horse and describe the changes
diaphragm and liver; multifocal fibrous plaques
What may cause the lesions shown here?
These are multifocal fibrous plaques which may be caused by parasite migration or may be ‘friction’ rubs
Name this tissue from a sheep. What are the white areas?
These are lungs. This is caudodorsal pleural thickening
Is this a normal finding in any animals?
This is caudodorsal pleural thickening but is normal in this part of the lungs in ruminants
What is this tissue from a horse? Give the MDx. What layer is affected?
This is the ileum.
MDx: hemomelasma ilei
serosal layer only
What do these plaques commonly present with? What causes it?
presents with idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the distal ileum;
has an unknown cause (thought to be related to parasites but never proven)
What are hemal nodes?
lymph node like structures that are filled with blood. May have similar functions to spleen. Found in ruminants and some canids
