Exam 1: Causes of Cell Injury

Question 1

What are the 6 general causes of cell injury?

Answer 1

oxygen deprivation, physical injury, chemical injury, infectious agents, nutritional, genetic

Question 2

What is hypoxia?

Answer 2

inadequate oxygenation of tissues

Question 3

What is ischemia?

Answer 3

decrease in blood supply to tissues

Question 4

What is anoxia?

Answer 4

absence of oxyge in tissues

Question 5

true or false CO2 toxicity is not a cause of oxygen deprivation?

Answer 5

False

Question 6

True or false, cyanide toxicosis causes oxygen deprivation?

Answer 6

true

Question 7

What is shown on this organ from a horse?

Answer 7

rupture, secondary to a rib fracture

Question 8

What is shown here?

Answer 8

frostbite

Question 9

What is shown here? What type of necrosis?

Answer 9

Frostbite; gangrenous

Question 10

How can excessive heat cause cell injury?

Answer 10

increase the metabolic reactions of enzymes, raising the pH level and level of substrates and water in the cell

Question 11

how can extreme heat cause cell injury?

Answer 11

denatures essential cell enzymes and other proteins

Question 12

How does electricity cause damage to cells

Answer 12

excessive heat; also alters conduction of nerves

Question 13

What is shown here?

Answer 13

Copper toxicity in a sheep. Note the dark color of the kidneys (and urine in the bottle) along with yellow discoloration of adipose tissue, spleen and liver

Question 14

Name the toxin

True or false: this toxin can cause a similar rxn as ischemia

Answer 14

mycotoxin – aphlatoxins

false – ergot poisoning causes (sim to frostbite) vasocontriction which is sim to ischemia

Question 15

What are exotoxins? what produces them? what damage do they do?

Answer 15

toxin from bacteria, produced by clostridium spp., release phospholipases that damage cell membranes

Question 16

What bacteria produce cytotoxins?

Answer 16

shigella, E.colli, Salmonella

Question 17

What do gram negative bacteria release upon their death?

Answer 17

LPS from their cell walls (lipopolysaccharides) that are directly toxic to cell membranes

Question 18

What are these lesions typically caused by in swine?

Answer 18

Erysipela

Question 19

The lesions on this aborted fetus are typical of what?

Answer 19

mycotic infection

Question 20

This is the liver of a pig. What is shown here and what caused it?

Answer 20

hepatocellular necrosis (hepatosis dietica); caused by vitamin E deficiency

Question 21

What animal is affected by copper storage disease? What happens?

Answer 21

Beddlington terrier, deletion of the MURR1 gene

a normal amount of copper results in toxicity

Question 22

What is shown here? What kind of stain is this?

Answer 22

excess copper; rhodanine stain

Question 23

What is abiothrophy?

Answer 23

premature loss of vitality or degenration of cells or tissue