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PSYCH 3331H Abnormal Psychology > EXAM I REVIEW > Flashcards

EXAM I REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

What does DSM stand for, and what is and is not found in it?

A

DSM stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

It does contain criteria, common language, descriptive information, and definitions of professional domain for mental disorders

It does NOT contain treatment for mental disorders

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2
Q

Incidence

A

Rate of onset for new cases

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3
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of active cases

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4
Q

Comorbidity

A

Having 2 or more co-occurring mental conditions

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5
Q

Describe the findings and limitations of the National Comorbidity Study-Replication (NCS-R)

A

2001-2002, studied US adults

Left out eating disorders, schizophrenia, autism, and personality disorders

About half of people (46.4%) have a disorder in their lifetime

Anxiety disorders are most prevalent in 1 year and in a lifetime

The most common disorder is major depressive disorder, followed by alcohol abuse and phobias

LIMITATIONS: Did not include every disorder, only studied US adults, outdated at this point

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6
Q

Etiology

A

Causes/origin of disorder

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7
Q

Correlational design
(Overview, strengths, & weaknesses)

A

Studying the world as it is without manipulating variables

Used often to study differences between people with and without disorders

The strength of correlation is measured by the correlation coefficient (r)

We CAN NOT assume causation

Third variable problem - involvement of some unknown third variable

Useful when experimentation would be unethical/unrealistic

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8
Q

Experimental design
(Overview, strengths, & weaknesses)

A

Allows researchers to draw conclusions about causality and resolve questions about directionality

Control variables, independent and dependent variables

Double-blind studies and placebo treatment

Not always ethical to conduct an experiment

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9
Q

Criterion vs Control Groups

A

Criterion groups receive new treatment

The control group receives a standard treatment, placebo, or no treatment at all

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10
Q

Risk Factors

A

Variable associated with increased risk of disorder

“x” can be considered a risk factor only if shown to occur before “y”

Necessary vs Sufficient vs Contributory

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11
Q

Protective Factors

A

Variable associated with decreased risk of disorder

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12
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

Atheoretical - can be applied to any theory

Balancing act between social/environmental, biological, and psychological factors

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13
Q

Ecological Systems Theory

A

There are different systems surrounding an individual that have different levels of impact on their life and behavior

You DON’T control everything

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14
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Explains a disorder as the result of interaction between predispositional vulnerability (diathesis) and stress caused by life experiences

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15
Q

Heritability

A

How much is a trait impacted by one’s genetics?

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16
Q

Twin Studies

A

Study the differences between genetic and environmental factors (shared or non-shared environment)

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17
Q

Concordance

A

Presence of the same trait in both twins

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18
Q

Neural Communication: Describe the basics of the electrochemical process (how and where?)

A

Information is communicated in the brain through electrical impulses

Electrical - Inside neurons
Chemical - Between neurons
Hormones are chemical messengers

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19
Q

Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory

A

Id, Ego, Superego - Conflicts between them lead to anxiety

Unconscious mind is where mental illness originates

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20
Q

Id

A

Irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality

21
Q

Ego

A

Rational, mediating dimension of personality

22
Q

Superego

A

Moralistic, judgemental, perfectionist dimension of personality

23
Q

Ego Defense Mechanisms

A

Regression - Returning to an earlier stage of development

Denial - Unpleasant external realities are ignored

Projection - Attributing one’s own unacceptable behavior to others

Reaction formation - Adopting/expressing the opposite of one’s true feelings

Sublimation - Transforming a socially unacceptable anxiety into a source of energy that produces no adverse consequences and is socially acceptable

24
Q

Humanistic Model of Abnormality

A

Humans have the agency to change their life/make decisions and are innately good

Mental illness comes from denying oneself and lack of self-acceptance

25
Behavioral Model of Abnormality
Abnormal behavior is caused by learning history (learning bad things) Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) - Can lead to phobia formation Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Modeling, Observational Learning (Bandura)
26
Cognitive Model of Abnormality (Important figures, overarching beliefs, and understanding of mental illness)
Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and others Focus on thoughts or beliefs as causing or maintaining psychological symptoms Mental illness relates to schemas, thoughts, and beliefs being incongruent with reality
27
Sociocultural Perspectives Model (Important figures, overarching beliefs, and understanding of mental illness)
Focus on people's different backgrounds including early deprivation and trauma, social support networks, low SES/unemployment, maladaptive peer relationships, and prejudice and discrimination
28
Reliability vs Validity
Reliability - Does a test yield consistent results? Interrater and test-retest reliability Validity - Does a test measure what it intends to? Internal and external validity
29
Types of Reliability
Interrater - Can different graders get similar results from the same test? Test-retest - Does a participant get similar results after retaking a test?
30
Types of Validity
Internal - Do results mirror what was intended of them? External - Can results be applied to a larger picture/population?
31
Double Blind Studies
The participants AND researchers do NOT know which groups participants are in
32
Structured vs Semi-structured vs Unstructured Interviews
Structured - set list of questions that a clinician must adhere to Semi-structured - set list of questions, the clinician may ask follow-up questions as needed Unstructured - Clinician tailors the interview to the client
33
Factors influencing assessment include _______ and _______.
trust and rapport
34
Trust and Rapport
The client must have a positive relationship with the clinician, there must be trust between them, and they must have shared goals for the treatment
35
Projective Personality Assessment - Rorschach, TAT
Unstructured, rely on various ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots rather than explicit questions Rorschach - Inkblots TAT - Series of images, the client must explain what happened before, during, and after the image as well as feelings/thoughts associated with those depicted
36
Objective Personality Assessment - MMPI Clinical and Validity Scales
Structured, typically use questionnaires, self-report inventories, or rating scales Consequences: Not perfectly valid, cultural limitations MMPI - True or false questions, possibly too mechanistic to show how complex people really are Validity scales - Measure things like unanswered items, lies, defensiveness, etc. to assert how valid one's responses are on a personality test
37
Behavioral Treatments - Systemic Desensitization vs Flooding, Token Economies
Acknowledges the role of learning and the importance of behavior in treatment Systematic desensitization - a slow, gradual process Flooding - Immediate, full-on confrontation of anxiety-inducing stimulus Token economies - Clients are rewarded with a sort of currency for good behavior, this currency is then used to "buy" prizes
38
Cognitive Therapy – Role of automatic thoughts and logical errors
Issues result from biased processing of events and internal stimuli, leading to cognitive errors Clients are made to identify automatic thoughts and logical errors
39
Carl Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy
Focus on the organism's natural power to heal itself Resolve incongruence and promote self-acceptance Unconditional positive regard, empathetic listening, genuineness Make self-concept and actual experience congruent
40
Freudian Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Therapies
Focus on the unconscious, attachment, and past experiences Interpersonal relationship issues Dream analysis reveals unconscious thoughts and true feelings
41
Gestalt Therapy
Focus on authenticity, self-awareness, acceptance, and integration of thought, feeling, and action Commonly used in group settings with an emphasis on one person at a time Dreams are considered representations of unacknowledged aspects of the dreamer's self Empty chair conversations
42
Antipsychotic Medication (Function, consequences, examples)
Function: Alleviate or reduce the intensity of delusions and hallucinations by blocking dopamine receptors Consequences: Tardive dyskinesia Examples: Zyprexa, Clopenthixol
43
Tardive Dyskinesia
Movement abnormality that is a delayed result of taking antipsychotics
44
MAOIs (Function, consequences, examples)
Function: Inhibit the activity of the enzyme that breaks down monoamines in the synapse (allows serotonin and norepinephrine to be reabsorbed more slowly) Consequences: Must avoid foods with tyramine Examples: Marplan, Nardil, Parnate
45
TCAs (Function, consequences, examples)
Function: Inhibit norepinephrine reuptake (and serotonin to a lesser extent) Examples: Anafranil, Tofranil
46
SSRIs and SNRIs (Function, consequences, examples)
Function: Selective serotonin (and norepinephrine) reuptake, makes depression patients happier, 2nd gen treatments! Consequences: Success is comparable to MAOIs and TCAs but with less adverse effects Examples: SSRIs - Zoloft, Paxil, Luvox, Celexa, Lexapro SNRIs - Effexor and Cymbalta
47
Antianxiety Medications
Benzos - GABA, short-term Lithium - ???, Bipolar disorder, long-term
48
Benzodiazepines
Function: Treat anxiety disorders, insomnia, and seizures by acting on GABA (increasing its inhibitory nature) Consequences: Addictive, cause numbness, overdose can be fatal, meant for short-term symptoms Examples: Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta
49
Lithium
Function: Unknown how it impacts neurotransmitters, treats mood swings in bipolar patients Consequences: Weight gain, thirst, fatigue, tremor, gastrointestinal issues, discontinuation is dangerous

PSYCH 3331H Abnormal Psychology (15 decks)

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