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PSYCH 3331H Abnormal Psychology > CH 11 Substance Abuse Disorders > Flashcards

CH 11 Substance Abuse Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

11.1 What term do medical and psychological professionals use instead of “alcoholic” or “alcoholism”?

A

Harmful use of alcohol

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2
Q

11.1 Describe the prevalence and demographics of Alcohol Use Disorder

A

Approx. 30% of people in the USA meet DSM criteria at some point in their lifetime

Nearly 15% in a given year

(2015) 50% of adults drink, 25% binge drink

Risk of AUD is nearly twice as high in men than women

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3
Q

11.1 Correct the following statement:

Alcohol is a stimulant

A

Alcohol is both a nervous system stimulant and a depressant

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4
Q

11.1 Correct the following statement:

You can always detect alcohol on the breath of someone who has been drinking

A

It is NOT always possible to detect

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5
Q

11.1 Correct the following statement:

Alcohol can help a person sleep more soundly

A

It can interfere with sleep

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6
Q

11.1 Correct the following statement:

Impaired judgment occurs after other obvious signs of intoxication

A

It can occur long before motor signs become impaired

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7
Q

11.1 Correct the following statement:

Drinking several cups of coffee can counteract the effects of alcohol and allow the drinker to “sober up”

A

Drinking coffee has no effect on level of intoxication

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8
Q

11.1 Correct the following statement:

Exercise or a cold shower helps speed up the metabolization of alcohol

A

They do not

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9
Q

11.1 Correct the following statement:

Alcohol is less dangerous/addictive than other substances

A

Alcohol can be just as addictive and dangerous

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10
Q

11.1 Correct the following statement:

Liver damage shows up before brain damage in heavy drinkers

A

It can be present in organic brain damage first as well

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11
Q

11.1 Correct the following statement:

Everybody drinks

A

28% of men and 50% of women abstain from drinking in the USA

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12
Q

11.1 DSM-5 Criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder

A

A. A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least 2 of to following, occurring within a 12-month period:
1. Alcohol is often taken in larger
amounts or over a longer period
than was intended
2. There is a persistent desire or
unsuccessful efforts to cut down or
control use
3. A great deal of time is spent in
activities necessary to obtain, use, or
recover from the effects of alcohol
4. Craving/strong desire to use alcohol
5. Recurrent alcohol use resulting in
failure to fulfill major role obligations
(work, school, home)
6. Continued use despite having
persistent or recurrent
social/interpersonal problems
caused/exacerbated by alcohol
7. Important social, occupational, or
recreational activities are given up or
reduced because of alcohol use
8. Recurrent alcohol use in situations in
which it is physically hazardous
9. Alcohol use is continued despite
knowledge of having a persistent or
recurrent physical or psychological
problem that is likely to have been
caused or exacerbated by alcohol
10. Tolerance, as defined by EITHER of
the following
a. Need for markedly increased
amounts to achieve the desired
intoxication
b. Diminished effect with continued
use of the same amount
11. Withdrawal, as manifested by
EITHER of the following:
a. Characteristic withdrawal
syndrome for alcohol
b. Alcohol is taken to relieve
withdrawal symptoms

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13
Q

11.1 List some side effects of excessive alcohol consumption

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Malnutrition, gastrointestinal symptoms

Chronic fatigue, oversensitivity, depression

Impaired reasoning, poor judgment, personality deterioration

Coarse/inappropriate behavior

Loss of pride in appearance, neglect of family, irritability, and unwillingness to discuss the issue at hand

Acute psychotic reactions: alcohol-induced psychotic disorders
Alcohol withdrawal delirium
Alcohol amnestic disorder

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14
Q

11.1 Alcohol withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)

A

Acute delirium associated with withdrawal from alcohol after prolonged heavy consumption; characterized by intense anxiety, tremors, fever and sweating, and hallucinations.

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15
Q

11.1 Alcohol Amnestic Disorder (Korsakoff’s syndrome)

A

Caused by Vitamin D (thiamine) deficiency

Severe, memory deficit is sometimes accompanied by falsification of events

Trouble recognizing pictures, faces, rooms, etc.

Can lead to severe brain damage

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16
Q

11.2 Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine Pathway MCLP

A

Center of psychoactive drug activation in the brain

Involved in the release of dopamine and in mediating the rewarding properties of drugs

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17
Q

11.2 What does MCLP stand for?

A

Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine Pathway

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18
Q

11.2 Describe the genetic vulnerability associated with alcohol abuse problems

A

1/3 of those with AUD had at least one parent with an alcohol problem

Having one alcoholic parent increased the rate of AUD from 12.4% to 29.5%

Adoption studies show that children of parents with AUD were nearly 2x as likely to have alcohol problems in their late 20s

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19
Q

11.2 Describe an alcohol-risk personality

A

An individual who has an inherited predisposition toward alcohol abuse, is impulsive, prefers taking high risks, and is emotionally unstable

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20
Q

11.2 “Alcohol flush reaction”

A

Common in Asians and Native Americans
(Roughly 50% of Asians)

Flushing of skin, drop in blood pressure, heart palpitations, and nausea following drinking alcohol

Results from a mutant enzyme that fails to break alcohol down

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21
Q

11.2 List some disorders and symptoms that tend to have comorbidity with alcohol or drug abuse and dependencies

A

Schizophrenia (50% of schizophrenics struggle with dependency/abuse)

Antisocial personality disorder and aggression

Depressive disorders

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22
Q

11.2 Relate stress and alcohol use

A

Stressful life events, unsupportive relationships, and social expectations are associated with alcohol abuse

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23
Q

11.3 What fraction of those with AUD receive treatment?

A

Less than 1/3

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24
Q

11.3 What are the goals of alcohol abuse treatment?

A

Either abstinence from drinking or reduced consumption of alcohol

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25
11.3 What medications block the desire to drink?
Disulfiram (Antabuse) - makes you throw up when you drink Naltrexone - opiate antagonist reduced craving by blocking pleasure-producing effects of alcohol Acamprosate
26
11.3 What medications reduce the side effects of acute withdrawal?
Valium Benzodiazepines such as diazepam
27
11.3 What psychological treatments are generally used to treat alcohol abuse?
Group therapy, environmental intervention, Behavioral Therapy, CBT, and Motivational Interviewing CBT shows only modest effects
28
11.3 Miller and Colleagues Study (1986)
Controlled drinking was more likely to be successful in persons with less severe alcohol problems
29
11.3 Alcoholics Anonymous (Who started it, what is it)
Founded in 1935 by Dr. Bob and Bill W. Self-help counseling program in which person-to-person AND group relationships are emphasized Lifts the burden of personal responsibility by helping alcoholics accept their disorder Affiliated moments like AI-Anon family groups and Alateen are designed to bring family members together
30
11.3 What does NIAAA stand for?
National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
31
11.3 Gordis (1997)
Patients from competently run alcohol use disorder treatment programs will do as well in any of the three treatments studied
32
11.3 Relapse Prevention Treatment
Clients are taught to recognize the seemingly irrelevant decisions that serve as early warning signals of the possibility of relapse, high-risk situations and vulnerability are assessed and targeted "Planned relapse"
33
11.3 "Planned Relapse"
When patients are taught to expect a relapse, they are better able to handle it
34
11.4 List the 6 psychoactive drugs associated with abuse and dependence in society (following alcohol)
1) Opiates: opium and heroin 2) Stimulants: cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, & nicotine 3) Sedatives: Barbiturates 4) Hallucinogens: LCD 5) Antianxiety drugs: Benzodiazepines 6) Pain medications: OxyCotin
35
11.4 Sedatives
Alcohol Reduce tension, facilitate social interaction, "blot out" feelings or events Barbiturates, Nembutal, Seconal, Veronal, Tuinal
36
11.4 Stimulants
Amphetamines, Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Meth, Cocaine Increased alertness and confidence, decreased fatigue, increased endurance and sex drive
37
11.4 Opiates
Opium, Morphine, Codeine, Heroin, Methadone Alleviate physical pain and anxiety, induce relaxation, treatment of heroin dependence
38
11.4 Hallucinogens
Cannabis, Marijuana, Hashish, Peyote, LSD, PCP, Shrooms Changes in mood, thought, and behavior "Expand" the mind Induce stupor
39
11.4 Antianxiety drugs (minor tranquilizers)
Librium, Miltown, Valium, Xanax Alleviate tension and anxiety Induce relaxation and sleep
40
11.4 Who uses illicit drugs?
Estimated 27 million Americans aged 12+ in the past year Approx. 10% of US population
41
11.5 Opium
A mixture of about 18 chemical substances (alkaloids) Morphine is most prevalent
42
11.5 Morphine
Named after Morpheus, the god of sleep Bitter-tasting powder, powerful sedative/pain reliever Widely administered to Civil War soldiers
43
11.5 Heroin
Discovered by Heinrich Dreser Replaced morphine, more dangerous than morphine
44
11.5 Harrison Act (1914)
Made unauthorized sale and distribution of certain drugs a federal offense
45
11.5 Dopamine Theory of Addiction
Addiction results from dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway or "pleasure pathway"
46
11.5 Reward Deficiency Syndrome Hypothesis
Addiction is more likely to occur in individuals who have genetic deviations in components of the reward pathway, which leads them to be less satisfied by natural rewards, leading them to turn to overuse of drugs
47
11.6 Cocaine
Plant product Used to be in Coca-Cola Made illegal in early 1900s Sniffing, swallowing, injecting Primary Effect: Blocks presynaptic dopamine transporter, high lasts 4-6 hrs
48
11.6 Amphetamines
1st: Benzedrine, amphetamine sulfate Dexedrine, Meth Schedule II controlled substances Give user energy by pushing them toward greater expenditures of their own resources, often to the point of hazardous fatigue, tolerance builds up rapidly Consequences: high bp, enlarged pupils, unclear or rapid speech, profuse sweating, tremors, excitability, loss of appetite, confusion, sleeplessness, death, amphetamine psychosis, violence, brain damage Treatment: Withdrawal is safe, psychological dependence can lead to depression and weariness
49
11.6 Amphetamine Psychosis
Similar symptoms to paranoid schizophrenia
50
11.6 Methamphetamine
"Crystal" or "Ice" Immediate and long-lasting high VERY DANGEROUS Function: Increases level of dopamine in the brain but is metabolized more slowly than other drugs such as cocaine and produces a longer high
51
11.6 Caffeine and Nicotine
Easy to abuse, difficult to quit due to addictive properties AND their place in our social context
52
11.6 Shiffman and colleagues (2006)
High-dose NRT reduces nicotine withdrawal symptoms
53
11.7 Describe the effects of sedatives on the brain
Impaired decision-making and problem-solving, sluggishness, slow speech, sudden mood shifts, drowsiness, Psychological and physiological dependence, brain damage, personality deterioration
54
11.8 LSD
Odorless, colorless, tasteless Intoxication with amounts smaller than a grain of salt Discovered by chemist Albert Hofmann (1938) Dissolve blotter paper on tongue 8 hours of changes in sensory perception, mood swings, and feelings of depersonalization and detachment, can be traumatic and terrifying Involuntary flashbacks to trips This leads to visual issues Rave culture
55
11.8 Mescaline and Psilocybin
Mescalin - disk-like growths on peyote cactus Psilocybin - from sacred Mexican mushrooms (Psilocybe Mexicana)
56
11.8 Ecstasy
MDMA (Sometimes substitutes) Originally meant as a diet pill Triggers release of large amounts of serotonin and blocking reuptake Intense experience of color and sound, mild hallucinations Increased risk of hyperthermia after administration, serotonin depletion leads to depression, irritability, and anxiety in the following days
57
11.8 Marijuana and Hashish
Marijuana - Hemp leaves Effects vary greatly Sense of time is distorted, alters internal clock, short-term memory can be affected, pleasure is enhanced, 2-3 hrs of effects Hashish is stronger, resin exuded by the cannabis plant, is made into gummy powder
58
11.8 Synthetic Cathinones
Bath salts Mimic amphetamines and cocaine by activating the monoamine system
59
11.9 Are there addictive disorders other than alcohol and drugs?
YES!!! Gambling, shopping, etc.
60
11.9 DSM-5 Criteria for Gambling Disorder
A. Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as indicated by exhibiting 4+ of the following in a 12-month period 1. Need to gable with increasing amounts of money to achieve desired excitement 2. Restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling 3. Made repeated unsuccessful attempts to cut back, control, or stop 4. Often preoccupied with gambling 5. Gambles when feeling distressed 6. After losing $ gambling, returns to get even often 7. Lies to conceal the extent of it 8. Has jeopardized or lost a significant job, relationship, or opportunity because of it 9. Relies on others for money because of it B. Gambling behavior is not better explained by a manic episode

PSYCH 3331H Abnormal Psychology (15 decks)

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