Exam I Flashcards
How does anatomy differ from physiology? How does this contribute to the way we learn and study anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of structure, examining relationships between parts of the body and individual organ structure. Physiology studies function of specific organs, systems, etc.
What are the sub-disciplines and subdivisions of the study of microscopic and gross anatomy.
microscopic-> histology
gross anatomy-> comparative (within or among species), functional (how structures work), abnormal or diseased (pathology)
Name the structural organizations of the human body aka the 11 organ systems.
- integumentary (skin)
- skeletal (bones)
- muscular
- nervous
- endocrine
- cardiovascular
- lymphatic
- respiratory
- digestive
- urinary
- reproductive
What is the difference between clinical and general anatomy?
Clinical combines structure, function, organization, and relationships together to diagnose and keep the patient healthy. General anatomy deals with all of the above in order to understand anatomy. Clinical is applied and general is understanding the concept
What are the historical milestones in the understanding of anatomy and the prominent individuals who helped achieve these milestones.
Hippocrates- “father of medicine,” thought about what a physician should do
Aristotle- studied anatomy of animals and compared the anatomical similarities of organisms, thought about variation between organisms
Herophilus and Erasistratus- performed first systemic dissections on cadavers and living criminals, sensory and motor systems, relationship between central and peripheral nervous systems.
Galen- wrote treatises on human anatomy, promoted the idea that blood not air ran through vessels
Da Vinci- viewed the human body as one of the greatest works of nature and should be studied.
Versalius- “father of anatomy,” published 3 anatomical works
What does the integumentary system do in an organism?
provides protection, regulates body temp, synthesizes vitamin D, sensory receptors, prevents water loss
What does the skeletal system do?
Makes blood cells (hemapotoesis), provides support and structure, stores calcium and phosphorous, allows body movement
What does the muscular system do?
stores protein, creates heat due to friction, produces body movement
What does the nervous system do?
regulates body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, controls all bodily functions, responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory
What does the endocrine system do?
Secretes hormones to regulate functions such as metabolism, growth, reproductive functions, chemical levels in the body, etc
What does the cardiovascular system do?
pumps blood through the vessels to distribute oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and pick up waste products
What does the lymphatic system do?
transports and filters lymph and filters interstitial fluids
What does the respiratory system do?
responsible for exchange of gases between lungs and blood and sustains intra-abdominal pressure
What does the digestive system do?
responsible for chemically breaking down food and expels waste
What does the urinary system do?
filters blood and removes waste, expelling waste via urine
What do each of the reproductive systems do?
Male- produces sperm and male hormones (testosterone)
Female- site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of fetus, produce female hormone, and oocytes
Gametogenesis
the formation of the gametes (oocyte and sperm)
- half the original amount of DNA
- spermatogenesis or oogenesis
Aneuploidy
an abnormal assortment of chromosomes
Crossover
aka independent assortment occurs during meiosis I when homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange DNA
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia(diploid) first replicates itself, so one copy completes meiosis and the other is a copy remains to redo the same process. The spermatocytes undergo meiosis and make 4 spermatids. The spermatids then undergo spermiogenesis where they grow a tail, get an acrosome, and lose much of the cytoplasm.
R-selection vs K-selection
R= species prone to numerous reproduction at low cost per individual offspring
K= species expend a high amount of energy per individual offspring
Oogenesis
Only one ovum is produced per meiotic cycle. Oogonia begin meiosis in the ovary and form primary oocytes prior to birth. They are arrested at prophase I until puberty and then one secondary oocyte is ovulated from the ovary per month, but is arrested in metaphase II until fertilization. the ovaries may switch sides per month. If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized after 24 hrs it then degenerates.
Nondisjunction
occurs when the chromosome do not sort properly during meiosis.
-leads to abnormal chromosome numbers (can have too many or too few copies of the chromosomes.
Risks of older moms
- higher incidences of chromosomal abnormalities
- primary cause is maternal chromosomal nondisjunction