Exam I Flashcards
1
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves attach directly to the brain?
A
12 pairs
2
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
A
31 pairs
3
Q
Cranial nerves exit the skull via:
A
patent openings
4
Q
Adrenergic effects are associated with which division of the autonomic system?
A
Sympathetic
5
Q
Cholinergic effects are associated with which division of the visceral system?
A
Parasympathetic
6
Q
Olfactory nerve fibers traverse which structure?
A
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
7
Q
Most upper motor neurons descend through which spinal tract?
A
Lateral corticospinal tract
8
Q
Primary sensory neurons convey information:
A
From the PNS to the CNS, synapsing in the spinal cord
9
Q
Secondary neurons convey information to the:
A
Thalamus
10
Q
Tertiary sensory neurons relay information to the:
A
Cerebral cortex
11
Q
Primary sensory neurons of the olfactory nerve are considered:
A
Bipolar neurons
12
Q
True/False: Olfactory neurons are myelinated.
A
False, they are unmyelinated, but they are covered by Schwann cells
13
Q
Secondary sensory neurons of the olfactory nerve are considered:
A
Mitral cells
14
Q
_____ fibers cross the midline and travel to the opposite olfactory bulb.
A
Medial stria
15
Q
Lateral stria fibers carry information where?
A
The primary olfactory cortex, the periamygdaloid and prepiriform area, including the uncus on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe.
16
Q
What term is used to describe the loss of smell?
A
Anosmia
17
Q
Which nerve is poorly designed in humans, and is used to track prey in other species?
A
Vomeronasal nerve
18
Q
The outermost layer of the eye is considered the _____ tunic, consisting of what structures?
A
Fibrous; sclera and cornea
19
Q
The middle layer of the eye is considered the _____ tunic, consisting of what structures?
A
Vascular; ciliary body, iris and choroid
20
Q
The innermost layer of the eye is termed:
A
The retina
21
Q
A “detached retina” is associated with which layer of the retina?
A
The pigmented layer
22
Q
Rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells here.
A
Outer plexiform layer
23
Q
Cell bodies of rods and cones are found here.
A
Outer nuclear layer
24
Q
The inner nuclear layer contains:
A
The cell bodies of bipolar cells
25
Bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells here.
Inner plexiform layer
26
Unmyelinated fibers are found in which retinal layer?
Nerve fiber layer
27
Ganglion cell bodies are found in the _____, while there axons are found in the _____.
Ganglion cell layer; Nerve fiber layer
28
The internal limiting membrane is a glial boundary separating what?
The retina from the vitreous body
29
What are the three types of cones?
Red, green, and blue
30
Cones are more highly concentrated in which part of the retina?
Fovea
31
True/False: There are no rods in the fovea.
True
32
Optic nerves enter the skull via the _____, and unite to form the _____.
Optic canal; optic chiasma
33
True/False: Like olfactory nerves, optic nerve axons are unmyelinated.
False, optic nerve axons ARE myelinated.
34
What cell form the myelin for optic nerve axons?
Interfascicular oligodendrocytes
35
What are the three nuclei of termination associated with the optic nerve?
Lateral geniculate body, superior colliculus, and the pretectal nucleus of the midbrain.
36
Most optic tract fibers synapse in which nucleus of termination?
Lateral geniculate body
37
Optic tract fibers synapsing in the superior colliculus are relayed to which spinal tract?
Tectospinal tract
38
Loss of depth perception is associated with a lesion to the:
Optic nerve
39
"Tunnel vision" is associated with a lesion to the:
Optic chiasma
40
A lesion to the right optic tract would result in:
Half of vision loss on the left side
41
Which component are you testing with visual reflexes?
Afferent only
42
Cranial nerves I and II are considered:
Special sensory nerves
43
The oculomotor nerve supplies all extraocular muscles except:
The superior oblique and lateral rectus
44
What part of the cerebral cortex sends axons to the oculomotor nuclei?
Brodmann area 8
45
The oculomotor nuclei of origin are located in the:
Periaqueductal gray matter
46
Oculomotor axons exit the CNS via the:
Interpeduncular fossa
47
Which muscles are supplied by the superior ramus of the oculomotor nerve?
Superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris
48
Which muscle is supplied by the medial branch of the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve?
Medial rectus
49
Which muscle is supplied by the lateral branch of the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve?
Inferior oblique
50
Which muscle is supplied by the central branch of the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve?
Inferior rectus
51
The accessory oculomotor nucleus has axons that synapse in the:
Ciliary ganglion
52
Which axons pierce the sclera and supply the ciliaris and pupillary constrictor muscles?
Postganglionic parasympathetic axons
53
The trochlear nerve supplies which muscle?
Superior oblique
54
The lateral rectus muscle is supplied by the:
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
55
True/False: The abducens nerve receives information from the same parts of the CNS as the trochlear nerve.
True
56
The clinical term describing a "lazy eye" is called:
Strabismus
57
The clinical term for "double vision" is called:
Diplopia
58
The clinical term for drooping eyelids is called:
Ptosis
59
Ptosis occurs as a result of weakness to which muscle?
Levator palpebrae superioris
60
Oculomotor paralysis occurs as a result of internal or external ____.
Ophthalmoplegia
61
The inability to constrict the pupil as well as a loss of light and accommodation reflexes is termed:
Internal ophthalmoplegia
62
If a patient presents with an inability to look down and difficulty descending stairs, you would suspect:
Trochlear paralysis
63
The most common type of cranial nerve paralysis is:
Abducens paralysis
64
Damage to the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), along with nystagmus when abducting the eye, is associated with:
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
65
The largest cranial nerve is the:
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
66
The smallest cranial nerve is the:
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
67
What are the three nuclei of termination of the trigeminal nerve?
Main sensory nucleus, spinal nucleus and trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus
68
What is the trigeminal nerve's nucleus of origin?
Trigeminal motor nucleus
69
Which trigeminal nucleus is associated with touch, vibration and joint proprioception?
Main sensory nucleus
70
Which trigeminal nucleus is associated with pain and temperature?
Spinal nucleus
71
The only primary sensory neurons that have cell bodies located in the CNS are associated with the:
Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus
72
The _____ division of the trigeminal nerve is the only branch to carry motor fibers.
Mandibular
73
What is the apparent origin of the trigeminal nerve?
Lateral aspect of the pons
74
What structure is located in the trigeminal (Meckel's) cave?
Trigeminal ganglion
75
Which division of the trigeminal nerve enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure?
Ophthalmic division (just like III, IV, and VI)
76
Which division of the trigeminal nerve enters the pterygopalatine fossa via the foramen rotundum?
Maxillary division
77
Which division of the trigeminal nerve exits the cranial vault via the foramen ovale?
Mandibular division
78
Which branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve is NOT considered a main branch?
Meningeal nerve (tentorial nerve)
79
What are the three main branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve?
Lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve and nasociliary nerve
80
The smallest of the three main branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve is the:
Lacrimal nerve
81
The largest of the three main branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve is the:
Frontal nerve
82
Which ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve is given off before the ophthalmic division leaves the superior orbital fissure?
Meningeal (tentorial) nerve
83
Which ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve has fibers that originate in the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Lacrimal nerve
84
The frontal nerve divides into what branches?
Supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves
85
What are the three main branches of the nasociliary nerve?
Communicating branch to the ciliary ganglion, long ciliary nerve and posterior ethmoid nerve
86
What are the two terminal branches of the nasociliary nerve?
Anterior ethmoid and infratrochlear nerves
87
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve supplies the eyeball?
Long ciliary nerve
88
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve carries sensory information to the sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses?
Posterior ethmoid nerve
89
Parasympathetic fibers that originate in the pterygopalatine ganglion reach the lacrimal nerve via the:
Zygomatic and zygomaticotemporal nerves
90
Which division(s) of the trigeminal nerve exhibit(s) ONLY sensory function?
Ophthalmic and maxillary divisions
91
Which division(s) of the trigeminal nerve exhibit(s) BOTH motor and sensory function?
Mandibular division
92
What are the four branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve?
Middle meningeal, zygomatic, infraorbital nerves and 2-3 ganglionic branches
93
Which maxillary branch is given off before the division exits the foramen rotundum?
Middle meningeal nerve
94
What are the branches of the zygomatic nerve?
Communicating branch, zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nerves
95
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve carries sensory information from the upper pharynx, nasal cavity, and palate to the maxillary division?
Ganglionic branches
96
Before entering the infraorbital canal, the infraorbital nerve gives off the:
Posterior, middle, and anterior superior alveolar nerves
97
In which division of the trigeminal nerve will the superior dental plexus be found?
Maxillary division
98
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers reach the pterygopalatine ganglion from the facial nerve via the:
Greater petrosal nerve
99
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion, coming from the:
Superior cervical ganglion
100
True/False: The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve exits the cranial vault as a small sensory root and a large motor root.
False, it exits as a LARGE sensory root and a SMALL motor root
101
The roots of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve combine in the _____ to form the mandibular division.
Infratemporal fossa
102
What are the four main muscles of mastication?
Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
103
What are the two mandibular branches that are given off in the infratemporal fossa?
Recurrent meningeal and medial pterygoid nerves
104
The recurrent meningeal nerve reenters the cranium through the:
Foramen spinosum
105
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve supplies the calvarium?
Recurrent meningeal nerve (nervus spinosum)
106
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve gives rise to fibers that pass through the otic ganglion?
Medial pterygoid nerve
107
Aside from the medial pterygoid muscle, the medial pterygoid nerve supplies what muscle(s)?
Tensor veli palatine and tensor tympani
108
True/False: The mandibular division divides into a predominantly motor anterior division and a predominantly sensory posterior division.
True
109
The anterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal gives rise to what branches?
Masseter, deep temporal, lateral pterygoid and buccal nerves
110
Which anterior division nerve is the major sensory branch?
Buccal nerve
111
Aside from motor innervation to the masseter muscle, the masseter nerve also:
Carries sensory information from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
112
Which branch of the trigeminal supplies the temporalis muscle?
Deep temporal nerve
113
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve conveys sensation from the gingivae of the molars?
Buccal nerve
114
The posterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal gives rise to what branches?
Auriculotemporal, lingual and inferior alveolar nerves
115
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve passes through the parotid gland?
Auriculotemporal nerve
116
The lingual nerve combines with the _____ in the infratemporal fossa.
Chorda tympani
117
What are the branches of the inferior alveolar nerve?
Incisive and mental nerves
118
The inferior alveolar nerve carries motor fibers through the mandibular foramen to supply the:
Mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric muscle
119
The _____ receives PREganglionic fibers from CN VII via the lingual nerve.
Submandibular ganglion
120
The _____ sends POSTganglionic fibers to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve.
Otic ganglion
121
If a patient came in describing "the worst pain imaginable," they'd most likely be referring to:
Tic doloureaux
122
The _____ is considered the "Great Sensory Nerve of the Face," while the _____ is considered the "Nerve of Facial Expression."
Trigeminal nerve; Facial nerve
123
The primary nucleus of origin of the facial nerve is the:
Motor nucleus of the facial nerve
124
The _____ contributes preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the facial nerve.
Superior salivary nucleus
125
Sensory fibers carried in the facial nerve terminate in the upper part of the:
Solitary nucleus (nucleus solitarius)
126
Specific fibers that convey taste from the anterior part of the tongue are carried in the:
Chorda tympani
127
The apparent origin of the facial nerve is:
Laterally in the sulcus between the pons and medulla oblongata
128
What two roots are present at the apparent origin of the facial nerve?
Motor root (facial nerve proper) and intermediate nerve
129
The greater petrosal nerve comes off the geniculate ganglion and reenters the petrous part of the temporal bone via the:
Foramen lacerum
130
Another name for the greater petrosal nerve is the:
Superficial petrosal nerve
131
Where is the geniculate ganglion located?
The external genu of the facial nerve
132
The nerve that contains the only motor fibers to leave the facial nerve in the facial canal is the:
Nerve to the stapedius
133
What are the names given to the trunks that are formed when the facial nerve forms the parotid plexus?
Temporofacial and cervicofacial
134
Which branch of the facial nerve travels inferiorly to supply the platysma?
Cervical branch
135
Which branches are responsible for supplying the muscles of facial expression?
Temporal branches- orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii, frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis
Zygomatic branches- orbicularis oculi
Buccal branches- buccinator, orbicularis oris, levator anguli oris
Marginal mandibular branch
Cervical branch- platysma
136
Direct and consensual light reflexes test which cranial nerve?
Optic nerve (CN II)
137
The intermediate root of the facial nerve carries:
Sensory and parasympathetic information
138
The mandibular division of the trigeminal communicates with the _____ ganglion.
Otic
139
A patient presents with a left eye deviated down and out, an inability to constrict the pupil and ptosis on the left side. Which cranial nerve is most likely involved?
Oculomotor- External ophthalmoplegia --> oculomotor paralysis
140
These cells give rise to axons carried in the olfactory tracts.
Mitral cells
141
A lesion involving only the optic chiasma would result in a loss of:
Peripheral vision or "tunnel vision"
142
The cell bodies of sensory neurons carried in the facial nerve are located in the:
Geniculate ganglion
143
Which splanchnic nerve(s) carries parasympathetic information?
Pelvic
144
Preganglionic parasympathetic axons that synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion leave the CNS via the _____ nerve.
Facial
145
Upon exiting the facial canal, the facial nerve carries what type(s) of fibers?
Motor and sensory
146
This cranial nerve has two roots: a spinal root and a cranial root.
Spinal accessory nerve
147
The ophthalmic division of the trigeminal carries sensory information from which mucosa? (3)
Frontal sinus, sphenoid sinus, and nasal septum
148
Which branch of the facial nerve contributes to the supply of the orbicularis oculi?
Zygomatic
149
Axons from the motor nucleus of the facial nerve loop around this nucleus before exiting the CNS.
Abducens
150
Which muscle of mastication is supplied by a branch given off the mandibular division in the infratemporal fossa?
Medial pterygoid
