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PNS > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves attach directly to the brain?

A

12 pairs

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2
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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3
Q

Cranial nerves exit the skull via:

A

patent openings

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4
Q

Adrenergic effects are associated with which division of the autonomic system?

A

Sympathetic

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5
Q

Cholinergic effects are associated with which division of the visceral system?

A

Parasympathetic

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6
Q

Olfactory nerve fibers traverse which structure?

A

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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7
Q

Most upper motor neurons descend through which spinal tract?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

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8
Q

Primary sensory neurons convey information:

A

From the PNS to the CNS, synapsing in the spinal cord

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9
Q

Secondary neurons convey information to the:

A

Thalamus

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10
Q

Tertiary sensory neurons relay information to the:

A

Cerebral cortex

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11
Q

Primary sensory neurons of the olfactory nerve are considered:

A

Bipolar neurons

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12
Q

True/False: Olfactory neurons are myelinated.

A

False, they are unmyelinated, but they are covered by Schwann cells

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13
Q

Secondary sensory neurons of the olfactory nerve are considered:

A

Mitral cells

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14
Q

_____ fibers cross the midline and travel to the opposite olfactory bulb.

A

Medial stria

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15
Q

Lateral stria fibers carry information where?

A

The primary olfactory cortex, the periamygdaloid and prepiriform area, including the uncus on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe.

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16
Q

What term is used to describe the loss of smell?

A

Anosmia

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17
Q

Which nerve is poorly designed in humans, and is used to track prey in other species?

A

Vomeronasal nerve

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18
Q

The outermost layer of the eye is considered the _____ tunic, consisting of what structures?

A

Fibrous; sclera and cornea

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19
Q

The middle layer of the eye is considered the _____ tunic, consisting of what structures?

A

Vascular; ciliary body, iris and choroid

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20
Q

The innermost layer of the eye is termed:

A

The retina

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21
Q

A “detached retina” is associated with which layer of the retina?

A

The pigmented layer

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22
Q

Rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells here.

A

Outer plexiform layer

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23
Q

Cell bodies of rods and cones are found here.

A

Outer nuclear layer

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24
Q

The inner nuclear layer contains:

A

The cell bodies of bipolar cells

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25
Q

Bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells here.

A

Inner plexiform layer

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26
Q

Unmyelinated fibers are found in which retinal layer?

A

Nerve fiber layer

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27
Q

Ganglion cell bodies are found in the _____, while there axons are found in the _____.

A

Ganglion cell layer; Nerve fiber layer

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28
Q

The internal limiting membrane is a glial boundary separating what?

A

The retina from the vitreous body

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29
Q

What are the three types of cones?

A

Red, green, and blue

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30
Q

Cones are more highly concentrated in which part of the retina?

A

Fovea

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31
Q

True/False: There are no rods in the fovea.

A

True

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32
Q

Optic nerves enter the skull via the _____, and unite to form the _____.

A

Optic canal; optic chiasma

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33
Q

True/False: Like olfactory nerves, optic nerve axons are unmyelinated.

A

False, optic nerve axons ARE myelinated.

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34
Q

What cell form the myelin for optic nerve axons?

A

Interfascicular oligodendrocytes

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35
Q

What are the three nuclei of termination associated with the optic nerve?

A

Lateral geniculate body, superior colliculus, and the pretectal nucleus of the midbrain.

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36
Q

Most optic tract fibers synapse in which nucleus of termination?

A

Lateral geniculate body

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37
Q

Optic tract fibers synapsing in the superior colliculus are relayed to which spinal tract?

A

Tectospinal tract

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38
Q

Loss of depth perception is associated with a lesion to the:

A

Optic nerve

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39
Q

“Tunnel vision” is associated with a lesion to the:

A

Optic chiasma

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40
Q

A lesion to the right optic tract would result in:

A

Half of vision loss on the left side

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41
Q

Which component are you testing with visual reflexes?

A

Afferent only

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42
Q

Cranial nerves I and II are considered:

A

Special sensory nerves

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43
Q

The oculomotor nerve supplies all extraocular muscles except:

A

The superior oblique and lateral rectus

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44
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex sends axons to the oculomotor nuclei?

A

Brodmann area 8

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45
Q

The oculomotor nuclei of origin are located in the:

A

Periaqueductal gray matter

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46
Q

Oculomotor axons exit the CNS via the:

A

Interpeduncular fossa

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47
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the superior ramus of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris

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48
Q

Which muscle is supplied by the medial branch of the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Medial rectus

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49
Q

Which muscle is supplied by the lateral branch of the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Inferior oblique

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50
Q

Which muscle is supplied by the central branch of the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Inferior rectus

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51
Q

The accessory oculomotor nucleus has axons that synapse in the:

A

Ciliary ganglion

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52
Q

Which axons pierce the sclera and supply the ciliaris and pupillary constrictor muscles?

A

Postganglionic parasympathetic axons

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53
Q

The trochlear nerve supplies which muscle?

A

Superior oblique

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54
Q

The lateral rectus muscle is supplied by the:

A

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

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55
Q

True/False: The abducens nerve receives information from the same parts of the CNS as the trochlear nerve.

A

True

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56
Q

The clinical term describing a “lazy eye” is called:

A

Strabismus

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57
Q

The clinical term for “double vision” is called:

A

Diplopia

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58
Q

The clinical term for drooping eyelids is called:

A

Ptosis

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59
Q

Ptosis occurs as a result of weakness to which muscle?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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60
Q

Oculomotor paralysis occurs as a result of internal or external ____.

A

Ophthalmoplegia

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61
Q

The inability to constrict the pupil as well as a loss of light and accommodation reflexes is termed:

A

Internal ophthalmoplegia

62
Q

If a patient presents with an inability to look down and difficulty descending stairs, you would suspect:

A

Trochlear paralysis

63
Q

The most common type of cranial nerve paralysis is:

A

Abducens paralysis

64
Q

Damage to the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), along with nystagmus when abducting the eye, is associated with:

A

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

65
Q

The largest cranial nerve is the:

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

66
Q

The smallest cranial nerve is the:

A

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

67
Q

What are the three nuclei of termination of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Main sensory nucleus, spinal nucleus and trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus

68
Q

What is the trigeminal nerve’s nucleus of origin?

A

Trigeminal motor nucleus

69
Q

Which trigeminal nucleus is associated with touch, vibration and joint proprioception?

A

Main sensory nucleus

70
Q

Which trigeminal nucleus is associated with pain and temperature?

A

Spinal nucleus

71
Q

The only primary sensory neurons that have cell bodies located in the CNS are associated with the:

A

Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus

72
Q

The _____ division of the trigeminal nerve is the only branch to carry motor fibers.

A

Mandibular

73
Q

What is the apparent origin of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Lateral aspect of the pons

74
Q

What structure is located in the trigeminal (Meckel’s) cave?

A

Trigeminal ganglion

75
Q

Which division of the trigeminal nerve enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure?

A

Ophthalmic division (just like III, IV, and VI)

76
Q

Which division of the trigeminal nerve enters the pterygopalatine fossa via the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary division

77
Q

Which division of the trigeminal nerve exits the cranial vault via the foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular division

78
Q

Which branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve is NOT considered a main branch?

A

Meningeal nerve (tentorial nerve)

79
Q

What are the three main branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve and nasociliary nerve

80
Q

The smallest of the three main branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve is the:

A

Lacrimal nerve

81
Q

The largest of the three main branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve is the:

A

Frontal nerve

82
Q

Which ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve is given off before the ophthalmic division leaves the superior orbital fissure?

A

Meningeal (tentorial) nerve

83
Q

Which ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve has fibers that originate in the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Lacrimal nerve

84
Q

The frontal nerve divides into what branches?

A

Supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves

85
Q

What are the three main branches of the nasociliary nerve?

A

Communicating branch to the ciliary ganglion, long ciliary nerve and posterior ethmoid nerve

86
Q

What are the two terminal branches of the nasociliary nerve?

A

Anterior ethmoid and infratrochlear nerves

87
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve supplies the eyeball?

A

Long ciliary nerve

88
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve carries sensory information to the sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses?

A

Posterior ethmoid nerve

89
Q

Parasympathetic fibers that originate in the pterygopalatine ganglion reach the lacrimal nerve via the:

A

Zygomatic and zygomaticotemporal nerves

90
Q

Which division(s) of the trigeminal nerve exhibit(s) ONLY sensory function?

A

Ophthalmic and maxillary divisions

91
Q

Which division(s) of the trigeminal nerve exhibit(s) BOTH motor and sensory function?

A

Mandibular division

92
Q

What are the four branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Middle meningeal, zygomatic, infraorbital nerves and 2-3 ganglionic branches

93
Q

Which maxillary branch is given off before the division exits the foramen rotundum?

A

Middle meningeal nerve

94
Q

What are the branches of the zygomatic nerve?

A

Communicating branch, zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial nerves

95
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve carries sensory information from the upper pharynx, nasal cavity, and palate to the maxillary division?

A

Ganglionic branches

96
Q

Before entering the infraorbital canal, the infraorbital nerve gives off the:

A

Posterior, middle, and anterior superior alveolar nerves

97
Q

In which division of the trigeminal nerve will the superior dental plexus be found?

A

Maxillary division

98
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers reach the pterygopalatine ganglion from the facial nerve via the:

A

Greater petrosal nerve

99
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion, coming from the:

A

Superior cervical ganglion

100
Q

True/False: The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve exits the cranial vault as a small sensory root and a large motor root.

A

False, it exits as a LARGE sensory root and a SMALL motor root

101
Q

The roots of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve combine in the _____ to form the mandibular division.

A

Infratemporal fossa

102
Q

What are the four main muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

103
Q

What are the two mandibular branches that are given off in the infratemporal fossa?

A

Recurrent meningeal and medial pterygoid nerves

104
Q

The recurrent meningeal nerve reenters the cranium through the:

A

Foramen spinosum

105
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve supplies the calvarium?

A

Recurrent meningeal nerve (nervus spinosum)

106
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve gives rise to fibers that pass through the otic ganglion?

A

Medial pterygoid nerve

107
Q

Aside from the medial pterygoid muscle, the medial pterygoid nerve supplies what muscle(s)?

A

Tensor veli palatine and tensor tympani

108
Q

True/False: The mandibular division divides into a predominantly motor anterior division and a predominantly sensory posterior division.

A

True

109
Q

The anterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal gives rise to what branches?

A

Masseter, deep temporal, lateral pterygoid and buccal nerves

110
Q

Which anterior division nerve is the major sensory branch?

A

Buccal nerve

111
Q

Aside from motor innervation to the masseter muscle, the masseter nerve also:

A

Carries sensory information from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

112
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal supplies the temporalis muscle?

A

Deep temporal nerve

113
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve conveys sensation from the gingivae of the molars?

A

Buccal nerve

114
Q

The posterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal gives rise to what branches?

A

Auriculotemporal, lingual and inferior alveolar nerves

115
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve passes through the parotid gland?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve

116
Q

The lingual nerve combines with the _____ in the infratemporal fossa.

A

Chorda tympani

117
Q

What are the branches of the inferior alveolar nerve?

A

Incisive and mental nerves

118
Q

The inferior alveolar nerve carries motor fibers through the mandibular foramen to supply the:

A

Mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric muscle

119
Q

The _____ receives PREganglionic fibers from CN VII via the lingual nerve.

A

Submandibular ganglion

120
Q

The _____ sends POSTganglionic fibers to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve.

A

Otic ganglion

121
Q

If a patient came in describing “the worst pain imaginable,” they’d most likely be referring to:

A

Tic doloureaux

122
Q

The _____ is considered the “Great Sensory Nerve of the Face,” while the _____ is considered the “Nerve of Facial Expression.”

A

Trigeminal nerve; Facial nerve

123
Q

The primary nucleus of origin of the facial nerve is the:

A

Motor nucleus of the facial nerve

124
Q

The _____ contributes preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the facial nerve.

A

Superior salivary nucleus

125
Q

Sensory fibers carried in the facial nerve terminate in the upper part of the:

A

Solitary nucleus (nucleus solitarius)

126
Q

Specific fibers that convey taste from the anterior part of the tongue are carried in the:

A

Chorda tympani

127
Q

The apparent origin of the facial nerve is:

A

Laterally in the sulcus between the pons and medulla oblongata

128
Q

What two roots are present at the apparent origin of the facial nerve?

A

Motor root (facial nerve proper) and intermediate nerve

129
Q

The greater petrosal nerve comes off the geniculate ganglion and reenters the petrous part of the temporal bone via the:

A

Foramen lacerum

130
Q

Another name for the greater petrosal nerve is the:

A

Superficial petrosal nerve

131
Q

Where is the geniculate ganglion located?

A

The external genu of the facial nerve

132
Q

The nerve that contains the only motor fibers to leave the facial nerve in the facial canal is the:

A

Nerve to the stapedius

133
Q

What are the names given to the trunks that are formed when the facial nerve forms the parotid plexus?

A

Temporofacial and cervicofacial

134
Q

Which branch of the facial nerve travels inferiorly to supply the platysma?

A

Cervical branch

135
Q

Which branches are responsible for supplying the muscles of facial expression?

A

Temporal branches- orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii, frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis
Zygomatic branches- orbicularis oculi
Buccal branches- buccinator, orbicularis oris, levator anguli oris
Marginal mandibular branch
Cervical branch- platysma

136
Q

Direct and consensual light reflexes test which cranial nerve?

A

Optic nerve (CN II)

137
Q

The intermediate root of the facial nerve carries:

A

Sensory and parasympathetic information

138
Q

The mandibular division of the trigeminal communicates with the _____ ganglion.

A

Otic

139
Q

A patient presents with a left eye deviated down and out, an inability to constrict the pupil and ptosis on the left side. Which cranial nerve is most likely involved?

A

Oculomotor- External ophthalmoplegia –> oculomotor paralysis

140
Q

These cells give rise to axons carried in the olfactory tracts.

A

Mitral cells

141
Q

A lesion involving only the optic chiasma would result in a loss of:

A

Peripheral vision or “tunnel vision”

142
Q

The cell bodies of sensory neurons carried in the facial nerve are located in the:

A

Geniculate ganglion

143
Q

Which splanchnic nerve(s) carries parasympathetic information?

A

Pelvic

144
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic axons that synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion leave the CNS via the _____ nerve.

A

Facial

145
Q

Upon exiting the facial canal, the facial nerve carries what type(s) of fibers?

A

Motor and sensory

146
Q

This cranial nerve has two roots: a spinal root and a cranial root.

A

Spinal accessory nerve

147
Q

The ophthalmic division of the trigeminal carries sensory information from which mucosa? (3)

A

Frontal sinus, sphenoid sinus, and nasal septum

148
Q

Which branch of the facial nerve contributes to the supply of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Zygomatic

149
Q

Axons from the motor nucleus of the facial nerve loop around this nucleus before exiting the CNS.

A

Abducens

150
Q

Which muscle of mastication is supplied by a branch given off the mandibular division in the infratemporal fossa?

A

Medial pterygoid

PNS (6 decks)

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