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Anatomy > Exam Ch 3-6 Slides Review > Flashcards

Exam Ch 3-6 Slides Review Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails)
Selectively permeable
Passive transport (diffusion through the lipid bilayer, ion channels, and facilitated diffusion)
Active transport (requires cellular energy)
Vesicular transport

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2
Q

Solute transport moves from ___ to ___ due to the concentration gradient.

A

Left, right

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3
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water
Selectively permeable membrane
Low concentration of solutes to high concentration of solutes

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4
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

Cells will burst

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5
Q

Hypertonic

A

Cells solutions will reach equilibrium and become isotonic

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6
Q

Diffusion through Membrane channels

A

Most are ion channels
Small inorganic ions
Channels are selective and nonspecific
Gated or open

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7
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Solute binds to a transporter
Transporter undergoes conformational change
Transporter releases the solute
(Ex. Glucose, fructose, urea, some vitamins)

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8
Q

Endocytosis

A

Moves material into a cell in a vesicle formed in the plasma membrane

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9
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secretory vesicles form inside the cell, fuse w/the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extra cellular material

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10
Q

Know the organelles of cell and their functions

A

Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Centriole
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Ribosome

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11
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

Tight junctions
Coverings and linings and glandular tissues
Arranged in sheets
Little extra cellular material
Avascular
Has nerve supply
High motif rate

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12
Q

Classification of epithelial tissues- shapes

A

Squamous (best for diffusion, one layer, waterproof, protection, injury or infection)
Cuboidal (secretion)
Columnar (absorption)
Transitional

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13
Q

Classification of epithelial tissues- layers

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

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14
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Functions in support and some movement (male urethra and vas deferens)

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15
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Controversial
One layer of cells but appears as many
All cells are attached to the basement membrane but some do not reach apical surface

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16
Q

Exocrine glands classification- Merocrine glands

A

Discharge by exocytosis of secretory vesicles

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17
Q

Exocrine glands classification- Apocrine glands

A

Apical part of the cell wall pinches off

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18
Q

Exocrine glands classification- Holocene glands

A

Secretory product is released when the cell dies

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19
Q

Connective tissue matrix

A

Fluid
Semisolid
Gelatinous
Fibrous
Calcified
Secreted by connective tissue cells and adjacent cells

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20
Q

Three matrix fibers that provide strength and support

A

Collagen, elastic, reticular

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21
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Consists of adipose tees
Stores triglycerides
Found along w/areolar tissue
Reduces heat loss, energy reservoir,supports, protects

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22
Q

Cartilage

A

Dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate matrix
Chondrocytes in the matrix
No blood vessels or nerves
Three types (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic)

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23
Q

Bone: Osseous tissue

A

Osteocytes
Matrix contains salts and collagen fibers
Haversian systems

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24
Q

Blood

A

Liquid matrix= plasma
Formed elements= cells
- red blood cells
- white blood cells

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25
Q

Four tissue types

A

Nervous, muscle, connective, epithelial

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26
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal (striated, movement)
Smooth (blood vessels, involuntary)
Cardiac (striated, involuntary)

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27
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basal

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28
Q

Dermis

A

Connective tissue
Collagen, elastic tissue, and reticular fibers
Regions: papillary layer (superficial) reticular region
Epidermal ridges (make fingerprints)

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29
Q

Cells in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes (outermost later of cells) and melanocytes (gives skin tone)

30
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands

A

Connected to hair follicles
Produce sebum
- moisturizes
- waterproofs
- softens
- inhibits bacterial growth

31
Q

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A

Eccrine sweat glands
- regulate body temp
- Eliminate wastes such as urea
- terminate at pores in surface of epidermis

32
Q

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A

Apocrine glands
- axilla, pubis, areolae
- open into hair follicles

33
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

-Modified sudoriferous
- produce curemen aka earwax
- external auditory meatus

34
Q

Nails

A
  • keratinized epithelium
    -parts o/ nail (nail bed, plate, grove, eponychium, hyponychium, lunula)
35
Q

Functions of the skin

A
  • protection
  • thermoregulation
  • cutaneous sensation
  • excretion and absorption
  • water proof
  • diffusion
  • protection against infection
36
Q

Function of the epidermis

A

Provide protection

37
Q

Function of the dermis

A

Support and strengthen skin

38
Q

Function of the hypodermis

A

Stores fat

39
Q

Epithelial tissue: simple squamous

A

Location: air sacs of lungs, blood vessels
Function: lubricatio

40
Q

Epithelial tissue: stratified squamous

A

Location: skin, mouth
Function: lunrication, protection

41
Q

Epithelial tissue: simple columnar

A

Location: stomach, intestines, uterus
Function: protective, secrete mucus

42
Q

Epithelial tissue: Pseudostratified columnar

A

Location: trachea, fallopian tubes
Function: movement

43
Q

Epithelial tissue: stratified columnar

A

Location: vas deferens, male urethra
Function: support and some movement

44
Q

Epithelial tissue: simple cuboidal

A

Location: kidneys, ovaries, thyroid glands
Function: secretion, absorption

45
Q

Epithelial tissue: stratified cuboidal

A

Location: mammary glands, sweat glands
Function: secretion, absorption, protection

46
Q

Epithelial tissue: transitional

A

Location: bladder
Function: stretch, protection against seepage

47
Q

Connective tissue: loose fibrous

A

Location: under skin,in muscle
Function: nourishment, stretch

48
Q

Connective tissue: adipose

A

Location: spaces through body (consists of adipocytes)
Function: insulation and cushioning

49
Q

Connective tissue: cartilage

A

Location: ears, nose, mouth
Function cushion, support
Dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in a chondroitin matrix
No blood vessels or nerves

50
Q

Connective tissue: dense fibrous

A

Location: ligaments and tendons
Function: pulling/pushing forces

51
Q

Connective tissue: bone

A

Location: skeleton
Function: support, protection
Think tree rings

52
Q

Connective tissue: blood

A

Location: veins, arteries, heart
Function: transport
Liquid plasma matrix

53
Q

Muscle tissue: skeletal

A
  • striated
  • movement
54
Q

Muscle tissue: smooth

A
  • blood vessels
  • involuntary
55
Q

Muscle tissue: cardiac muscle

A
  • striated
  • involuntary
56
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • neurons and axons responsible for signaling
57
Q

Four main tissues

A

mucus, cutaneous, serous, structural

58
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breakdown of glucose via enzymes

59
Q

Nucleolus

A

found within nucleus, chromosomes that are within the nucleus and they put all their genes to make ribosomes in one area within the nucleus. The chromosomes are all producing ribosomal RNA to make ribosomes

60
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the genetic material of cell. Controls cells and makes proteins

61
Q

Ribosome

A

Main function is to build proteins- assembles amino acids into polypeptides

62
Q

Vesicle

A

membrane bound container, different types such as a transport vesicle (moves material around) that determine their functions

63
Q

Rough ER

A

folded membrane that comes out from the nucleus, ribosomes attached on the outside, RNA passes through to make proteins, will also produce membranes that are going to be used within the cell

64
Q

Golgi body

A

proteins are packaged into transport vesicles and moved to the golgi apparatus, modifies proteins, “ships” to all parts of the cell

65
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

the structure inside the cell, provides physical structure

66
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesis of lipids

67
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generates ATP for the cell

68
Q

Vacuole

A

Stores water, creates pressure that keeps cells inflated

69
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid that contains solutes, concentration gradients

70
Q

Lysosome

A

Will break down materials

71
Q

Centriole

A

Important to positioning the cell

Anatomy (6 decks)

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