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Anatomy > Anatomy Quiz Ch 2 (part 2) > Flashcards

Anatomy Quiz Ch 2 (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most abundant elements in the body?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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2
Q

Where do the body’s most abundant elements come from?

A

Food and air

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3
Q

What is the smallest unit of an element?

A

Atom

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4
Q

Atoms contain what subatomic particles?

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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5
Q

Elements distinctive identification (number of protons)

A

Atomic number

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6
Q

Number of protons and neutrons are an elements ____.

A

Mass number

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7
Q

Different versions of an element are called an ___.

A

Isotope

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8
Q

An atoms tendency to be stable or to react w/other atoms is because o/ the behavior o/ the electrons within the atoms outermost electron shell, called its ___.

A

Valance shell

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9
Q

8 electrons is ___.

A

Stable

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10
Q

All other atoms will accept, donate, or share electrons so that their electron shell ___.

A

Reaches 8 electrons

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11
Q

What are elements within the body constantly doing?

A

Making and breaking chemical bonds

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12
Q

Charged atoms that form when an atom donates/accepts one or more negatively charged electrons

A

Ions

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13
Q

Attracted to anions -

A

+ Cations (also called an ionic bond)

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14
Q

The participating atoms do no loose or gain electrons, but they share them

A

Covalent bond

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15
Q

Molecules with no polar covalent bonds are ___.

A

Electrically balanced

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16
Q

“Poles”- regions of weakly positive and negative charge (triangular 3 dimensional shape)

A

Polar covalent bonds

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17
Q

Link hydrogen atoms already participating in polar covalent bonds to anions (or electronegative) regions to other polar molecules

A

Hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

What type of bond links water molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

What is required to break and form chemical reactions?

A

Energy

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20
Q

Energy of matter in motion (responsible for fueling collisions of atoms, ions and molecules that are necessary if their old bonds are to break and form new ones)

A

Kinetic energy

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21
Q

What is released when bonds are broken?

A

Potential energy

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22
Q

Four types of energy are…

A

Chemical, mechanical, physical, and radiant

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23
Q

Stored and released as chemical bonds are formed and broken

A

Chemical energy

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24
Q

Directly powers physical activity

A

Mechanical energy

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25
Q

Emitted as waves such as sunlight

A

Radiant energy

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26
Q

The power of moving electrons

A

Electrical energy

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27
Q

Chemical reactions begin with ___ and end with ___.

A

Reactants, products

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28
Q

What reaction bonds reactants together?

A

Synthesis reaction

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29
Q

Breaks the bonds within a reactant and release energy

A

Decomposition

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30
Q

Bonds are both broken and formed, and energy is exchanged

A

Exchange reactions

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31
Q

Temperature, concentration and pressure, presence or absence of a catalyst

A

Properties of reactants

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32
Q

Catalytic protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the human body

A

Enzyme

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33
Q

Inorganic compounds that are essential to human functioning include…

A

Water, salts, acids, bases

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34
Q

Inorganic compounds cannot contain both

A

Hydrogen and carbon

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35
Q

Salts are __.

A

Compounds

36
Q

Bases accept H+, making the solution more __.

A

Alkaline

37
Q

PH of 7

A

Neutral

38
Q

PH below 7

A

Acids

39
Q

PH above 7

A

Bases

40
Q

Keep blood in a healthy pH range that include chemicals

A

Buffers

41
Q

What organic compounds are essential to human functioning

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides

42
Q

Organic compounds contain both

A

Carbon and hydrogen

43
Q

Readily share electrons with hydrogen and other atoms, usually oxygen and sometimes nitrogen

A

Carbon atoms

44
Q

Can bind with one or more functional groups such as carboxyls, hydroxyls, aminos, or phosphates

A

Carbon atoms

45
Q

Single units of organic compounds (bond via hydration synthesis)

A

Monomers

46
Q

Provide essential body fuel

A

Carbohydrates

47
Q

Carbs include monosaccharides such as ___, disaccharides such as __.

A

Glucose, lactose

48
Q

Carbs include polysaccharides such as __ (polymers of glucose), __ (the storage form of glucose) and ___.

A

Starches, glycogen, and fibers

49
Q

Glucose is used for fuel, and is converted via oxidation-reduction reaction to ___.

A

ATP

50
Q

Hydrophobic compounds that provide body fuel and are important components of many biological compounds.

A

Lipids

51
Q

Most abundant lipid in the body is __. (Composed of glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acid chains)

A

Triglycerides

52
Q

___ are compounds composed of a diglyceride with a phosphate group attached at the molecules head (forms polar and non polar regions)

A

Phospholipids

53
Q

Most important lipids is

A

Cholesterol

54
Q

Signaling molecules derived from unsaturated fatty acids

A

Prostoglandins

55
Q

Critical components of all body tissues, and their shape is critical to their function

A

Proteins

56
Q

Proteins are made up of monomers called __ __, which contain nitrogen, joined by peptide bonds

A

Amino acids

57
Q

Catalyze chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

58
Q

Compounds w/ 3 building blocks: one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and nitrogen-containing bases

A

Nucleotides

59
Q

__ and __ are nucleic acids that function in protein synthesis

A

DNA, RNA

60
Q

Body’s fundamental molecule of energy transfer

A

ATP

61
Q

__ is the rate at which heat is produced.

A

Metabolic rate

62
Q

Heat is measured by temp and expressed in calories
(Affected by age, ghrelin, leptin, gender, fitness lvl, thyroid hormones)

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

63
Q

Produced by fat cells, suppresses food intake, speeds up metabolic rate, long term regulation of energy balance

A

Leptin

64
Q

Produced by stomach, increases hunger, slows metabolic rate, fast acting hormone

A

Ghrelin

65
Q

How many carbon atoms for each water molecule?

A

One

66
Q

How long does the average meal require before it has been completely absorbed?

A

4 hours

67
Q
  • 3-7 carbon atoms
  • glucose
A

Monosaccharides

68
Q
  • Glucose + fructose = sucrose
A

Disaccharides

69
Q
  • glycogen
A

Polysaccharides

70
Q

Protein Functions

A

Structure (keratin and collagen), communication, membrane transport, catalysis

71
Q

Protein functions 2

A

Recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesion

72
Q

Type of lipids

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids, fatty acids, fat-solvable vitamins

73
Q
  • most plentiful lipid in body
  • protection, insulation, and energy
  • more than twice as much energy per gram as carbs and protein
  • unlimited storage
  • excess dietary carbs, protein, and fat will be stored in adipose tissue as __
A

Triglycerides

74
Q

Triglyceride chemistry

A

3 carbon back bone, attached to 3 oxygen and 8 hydrogen

75
Q
  • ATP produced
  • carbs
  • lipids
  • proteins
A

Absorptive state

76
Q

Together just four elements make up more than 95% of the body’s mass. These include __, __, __, __.

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

77
Q

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n)

A

Salt

78
Q

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true?
A. Covalent bonds are stronger then ionic bonds
B. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen
C. Bonding readily occurs between no polar and polar molecules
D. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion

A

A

79
Q

AB to A + B is a general notation for a(n) __ reaction.

A

Anabolic

80
Q

__ reactions release energy.

A

Decomposition

81
Q

CH4 is methane. This compound is __.

A

Organic

82
Q

Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution?
A. Sodium ions and chloride ions
B. NaCl molecules
C. Salt crystals
D. Red blood cells

A

A

83
Q

Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake better, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sink in got the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate-chip better is an example of a __.

A

Suspension

84
Q

C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a __.

A

Hexose monoosaccharide

85
Q

Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins?
A. Phosphate
B. Adenine
C. Amino
D. ribose

A

C. Amino

86
Q

In a hurry one day, you merely rinse your lunch dishes with water. As you are drying your salad bowl, you notice that it has an oily film. Why was the water alone not effective in cleaning the bowl?

A

Because most likely the dressing used on the salad was oil based, s when the bowl was “washed” with water, they repelled as water and oil don’t mix due to the polarity of the two.

Anatomy (6 decks)

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