Anatomy Quiz Ch 2 (part 2) Flashcards by Georgia F

What are the most abundant elements in the body?

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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Where do the body’s most abundant elements come from?

Food and air

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What is the smallest unit of an element?

Atom

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Atoms contain what subatomic particles?

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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Elements distinctive identification (number of protons)

Atomic number

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Number of protons and neutrons are an elements ____.

Mass number

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Different versions of an element are called an ___.

Isotope

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An atoms tendency to be stable or to react w/other atoms is because o/ the behavior o/ the electrons within the atoms outermost electron shell, called its ___.

Valance shell

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8 electrons is ___.

Stable

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All other atoms will accept, donate, or share electrons so that their electron shell ___.

Reaches 8 electrons

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What are elements within the body constantly doing?

Making and breaking chemical bonds

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Charged atoms that form when an atom donates/accepts one or more negatively charged electrons

Ions

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Attracted to anions -

+ Cations (also called an ionic bond)

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The participating atoms do no loose or gain electrons, but they share them

Covalent bond

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Molecules with no polar covalent bonds are ___.

Electrically balanced

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“Poles”- regions of weakly positive and negative charge (triangular 3 dimensional shape)

Polar covalent bonds

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Link hydrogen atoms already participating in polar covalent bonds to anions (or electronegative) regions to other polar molecules

Hydrogen bonds

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What type of bond links water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds

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What is required to break and form chemical reactions?

Energy

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Energy of matter in motion (responsible for fueling collisions of atoms, ions and molecules that are necessary if their old bonds are to break and form new ones)

Kinetic energy

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What is released when bonds are broken?

Potential energy

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Four types of energy are…

Chemical, mechanical, physical, and radiant

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Stored and released as chemical bonds are formed and broken

Chemical energy

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Directly powers physical activity

Mechanical energy

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Emitted as waves such as sunlight

Radiant energy

The power of moving electrons

Electrical energy

Chemical reactions begin with ___ and end with ___.

Reactants, products

What reaction bonds reactants together?

Synthesis reaction

Breaks the bonds within a reactant and release energy

Decomposition

Bonds are both broken and formed, and energy is exchanged

Exchange reactions

Temperature, concentration and pressure, presence or absence of a catalyst

Properties of reactants

Catalytic protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the human body

Enzyme

Inorganic compounds that are essential to human functioning include…

Water, salts, acids, bases

Inorganic compounds cannot contain both

Hydrogen and carbon

Salts are __.

Compounds

Bases accept H+, making the solution more __.

Alkaline

PH of 7

Neutral

PH below 7

Acids

PH above 7

Bases

Keep blood in a healthy pH range that include chemicals

Buffers

What organic compounds are essential to human functioning

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides

Organic compounds contain both

Carbon and hydrogen

Readily share electrons with hydrogen and other atoms, usually oxygen and sometimes nitrogen

Carbon atoms

Can bind with one or more functional groups such as carboxyls, hydroxyls, aminos, or phosphates

Carbon atoms

Single units of organic compounds (bond via hydration synthesis)

Monomers

Provide essential body fuel

Carbohydrates

Carbs include monosaccharides such as ___, disaccharides such as __.

Glucose, lactose

Carbs include polysaccharides such as __ (polymers of glucose), __ (the storage form of glucose) and ___.

Starches, glycogen, and fibers

Glucose is used for fuel, and is converted via oxidation-reduction reaction to ___.

ATP

Hydrophobic compounds that provide body fuel and are important components of many biological compounds.

Lipids

Most abundant lipid in the body is __. (Composed of glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acid chains)

Triglycerides

___ are compounds composed of a diglyceride with a phosphate group attached at the molecules head (forms polar and non polar regions)

Phospholipids

Most important lipids is

Cholesterol

Signaling molecules derived from unsaturated fatty acids

Prostoglandins

Critical components of all body tissues, and their shape is critical to their function

Proteins

Proteins are made up of monomers called __ __, which contain nitrogen, joined by peptide bonds

Amino acids

Catalyze chemical reactions

Enzymes

Compounds w/ 3 building blocks: one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and nitrogen-containing bases

Nucleotides

__ and __ are nucleic acids that function in protein synthesis

DNA, RNA

Body’s fundamental molecule of energy transfer

ATP

__ is the rate at which heat is produced.

Metabolic rate

Heat is measured by temp and expressed in calories (Affected by age, ghrelin, leptin, gender, fitness lvl, thyroid hormones)

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Produced by fat cells, suppresses food intake, speeds up metabolic rate, long term regulation of energy balance

Leptin

Produced by stomach, increases hunger, slows metabolic rate, fast acting hormone

Ghrelin

How many carbon atoms for each water molecule?

One

How long does the average meal require before it has been completely absorbed?

4 hours

* 3-7 carbon atoms * glucose

Monosaccharides

* Glucose + fructose = sucrose

Disaccharides

* glycogen

Polysaccharides

Protein Functions

Structure (keratin and collagen), communication, membrane transport, catalysis

Protein functions 2

Recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesion

Type of lipids

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids, fatty acids, fat-solvable vitamins

* most plentiful lipid in body * protection, insulation, and energy * more than twice as much energy per gram as carbs and protein * unlimited storage * excess dietary carbs, protein, and fat will be stored in adipose tissue as __

Triglycerides

Triglyceride chemistry

3 carbon back bone, attached to 3 oxygen and 8 hydrogen

* ATP produced * carbs * lipids * proteins

Absorptive state

Together just four elements make up more than 95% of the body’s mass. These include __, __, __, __.

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n)

Salt

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? A. Covalent bonds are stronger then ionic bonds B. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen C. Bonding readily occurs between no polar and polar molecules D. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion

AB to A + B is a general notation for a(n) __ reaction.

Anabolic

__ reactions release energy.

Decomposition

CH4 is methane. This compound is __.

Organic

Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? A. Sodium ions and chloride ions B. NaCl molecules C. Salt crystals D. Red blood cells

Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake better, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sink in got the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate-chip better is an example of a __.

Suspension

C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a __.

Hexose monoosaccharide

Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? A. Phosphate B. Adenine C. Amino D. ribose

C. Amino

In a hurry one day, you merely rinse your lunch dishes with water. As you are drying your salad bowl, you notice that it has an oily film. Why was the water alone not effective in cleaning the bowl?

Because most likely the dressing used on the salad was oil based, s when the bowl was “washed” with water, they repelled as water and oil don’t mix due to the polarity of the two.