Exam Ch 3-6 (review ?’s)

Question 1

Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ___.

Answer 1

Integral proteins

Question 2

Diffusion of substances within a solution tends to use the substances ___ their ___ gradient.

Answer 2

Down, concentration

Question 3

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ___. 

Answer 3

Endocytosis

Question 4

Diffusion is to ___ as endocytosis is to ___.

Answer 4

Filtration, phagocytosis

Question 5

Cytoplasm is to cytoskeleton as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ___ ___.

Answer 5

The water

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the rough ER?
A. Production of proteins
B. Detoxification of certain substances
C. Synthesis of steroid hormones
D. Regulation of intracellular calcium concentration

Answer 6

A. Production of proteins

Question 7

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton?
A. They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell
B. They all are characterized by roughly the same diameter
C. They are all polymers of protein subunits
D. They all help the cell resist compression and tension

Answer 7

C. They are all polymers of protein subunits

Question 8

What materials can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer, and why?

Answer 8

Only materials that are relatively small and nonpolar can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer. Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are packed together, and polar molecules are repelled by the hydrophobic/non-polar lipids that line the inside of the bilayer.

Question 9

What do osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and the movement of ions away from like charge all have in common? In what way do they differ?

Answer 9

They describe the movement of substances down a particular type of gradient. Osmosis and diffusion involve the movement of water and other substances down there concentration gradient respectively. Filtration describes the movement of particles down a pressure gradient, in the movement of ions away from like charge describes their movement down there electrical gradient.

Question 10

What separates the base pair at the start of DNA replication?

Answer 10

Helicase (enzyme)

Question 11

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the best Saul side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?
A. Columnar
B. Stratified
C. Squamous
D. Transitional

Answer 11

A. columnar

Question 12

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?
A. Columnar
B. Pseudostratified
C. Simple squamous
D. Transitional

Answer 12

C. Simple squamous

Question 13

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface?
A. Transitional
B. Stratified columnar
C. Pseudostratified chili tasted columnar
D. Stratified squamous

Answer 13

B. Stratified columnar

Question 14

Connective tissue is made up of which three essential components?

Answer 14

Cells, ground substance, protein fibers

Question 15

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?

Answer 15

Adipose tissue

Question 16

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?

Answer 16

Dense regular connective tissue

Question 17

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ___.

Answer 17

Mesenchyme

Question 18

Striations,cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ___.

Answer 18

Skeletal muscle only

Question 19

The cells responsible for transmission of the nerve impulse are ___.

Answer 19

Neurons

Question 20

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulation ions, regulate the uptake and/or the breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier?
A. Microglia
B. Neuroglia
C. Oligodendrocytes
D. Astrocytes

Answer 20

D. Astrocytes

Question 21

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?
A. Redness
B. Heat
C. Fever
D. Swelling

Answer 21

C. Fever

Question 22

One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Discuss how blood fulfills this role

Answer 22

What is a fluid connective tissue, a variety of specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salt, nutrients, and dissolved proteins in a liquid extracellular matrix. Blood contains formed elements derived from bone marrow. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells transport the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are responsible for the defense of the organism against potentially harmful microorganisms or molecules. Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting. Some cells have the ability to cross the endothelial layer that lines vessels and enter adjacent issues. Nutrients, salt, and waste are dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported through the body.

Question 23

Which morphological adaptations of neurons make them suitable for the transmission of nerve impulse?

Answer 23

Neurons are well suited for the transmission of nerve impulses because short, extensions, dendrites, receive impulses from other neurons, while a long tail extension, an axon, carries electrical impulses away from the cell to other neurons.

Question 24

Why is it important to watch for increased redness, swelling, and pain after a cut or abrasion has been cleaned and bandaged?

Answer 24

These symptoms would indicate that an infection is present.

Question 25

In lookin through a microscope how could you distinguish skeletal muscle tissue from smooth muscle tissue?

Answer 25

Skeletal muscle tissue: long, have many nuclei, and are striped or striated
Smooth muscle tissue: lack of striations or stripes

Question 26

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?

Answer 26

Stratum basale

Question 27

Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ___.

Answer 27

A. Stratum spinosum

Question 28

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ___.

Answer 28

Connective tissue

Question 29

Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis?
A. Protects underlying organs
B. Helps maintain body temperature
C. Source of blood vessels in the epidermis
D. A site of long-term energy storage

Answer 29

B. Helps maintain body temperature

Question 30

Sebaceous glands ___.

Answer 30

Are associated with hair follicles

Question 31

One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function?
A. Stratum lucidum
B. Desmosomes
C. Folic acid synthesis
D. Merkel cells

Answer 31

C. Folic acid synthesis

Question 32

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed?
A. Stratum corneum
B. Stratum basale
C. Papillary dermis
D. Stratum granulosum

Answer 32

C. Papillary dermis

Question 33

Cells of the epidermis derive from stem cells of the stratum basale. Describe how the cells change as they become integrated into the different layers of the epidermis.

Answer 33

The cells begin to produce keratin when they reach the stratum spinosum. They also began to develop cell processes like desmosomes, which help in connecting in between the cells. The keratinocytes are then pushed to stratum granulosum, where they become flattened, and thicken their cell membrane. They also generate larger amounts of keratin and keratohyaliln. The cell gradually dies leaving behind the keratin, keratohyalin, and cell membranes forming the stratum lucidum and the stratum corneum.

Question 34

Explain the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

Answer 34

Secretions in the apocrine sweat glands are viscid, and secretions of eccrine sweat glands are watery.

Question 35

Describe the structure and composition of nails.

Answer 35

Specialized structure of the epidermis. Is formed of the nail bed (protects fingers and toes), the nail body forms a back-support. Is composed of densely packed keratinocytes. Nail body forms at nail root. The nail fold overlaps the nail on the sides, anchoring the nail. The folds meet at the proximal end of the nail called the cuticle or the eponychium. Crescent region at top of the nail is the lunula. Beneath the free edge of the nail is the hyponychium (thickened layer of stratum corneum).

Question 36

Basic functions of skin layers

Answer 36

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis contain fat, blood vessels, and nerves.
Beneath the skin are tissues such as muscle, fascia, and bones