Exam 7 MALE slides #63- 79 Flashcards
Bulbourethral glands AKA:
Cowper’s glands
Pea sized set of glands
Located inferior to the prostate on either side of the membranous urethra
Ducts open into the spongy urethra
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)
During sexual arousal, these glands secrete ___ ___ into urethra
Protects passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in the urethra
Also secretes mucus that lubricates the urethra and end of penis
Some males release small amount prior to ejaculation, called pre-ejaculate
Contains little to no-sperm
Alkaline fluid
Accessory sex glands
slide 65
a liquid that contains secretions of the seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
Seminal Fluid
Semen is a mixture of:
sperm and seminal fluid
Typical volume during ejaculation is 2.5-5mL
1mL contains 50-150 million sperm
When this number falls consistently below 20 million, male is considered infertile
Only small fraction of sperm ever make it all the way to the ___ ___
Secondary oocyte
Semen is slightly ___
Larger volume of ___ fluid from seminal vesicles
Alkaline
Prostate fluid is ___ but less in volume
Acidic
Semen appearance:
____ fluid gives it milky color
___ and ____ fluid provide it’s viscous and tacky consistency
Prostatic = milky
Seminal fluid and bulbourethral fluid
Ejaculate:
Coagulates within 5 min due to clotting proteins from ___ ___
Reliquefies after 10-20 min due to the presence of prostate specific antigen and other enzymes
Seminal vesicles
Abnormal or delayed liquefaction of clotted semen can cause partial or total immobilization of sperm
Unable to reach the __ __
secondary oocyte
presence of blood in semen:
Hematospermia/Hemospermia
Blood in semen:
Usually caused by inflammation of the blood vessels lining __ __ or other glands
Treated often times with antibiotics
Trauma, prolonged abstinence, “over-indulgence” of self-pleasuring, systemic issues (HTN etc.) can also contribute
seminal vesicles
Pathway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine
Urethra
Penis:
Cylindrical in shape
Has body, ___ ___ and root
glans penis
composed of three masses of tissue, each surrounded by fibrous tissue (tunica albuginea*: not continuous w/ tunica albuginea in the testes, just same tissue type)
Penis (body)
two dorsolateral masses
Corpora cavernosa-
singular midventral mass, contains spongy urethra
Corpus spongiosum-
Skin and subcutaneous layers enclose all three layers, this contains ___ ___
Composed of numerous blood sinuses lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
erectile tissue
Distal end of the corpus spongiosum
Slightly enlarged, acorn shaped
Glans penis
Glans penis:
The margin surrounding this anatomical feature is called the ____
Corona
Distal urethra enlarges, widens and forms a slit-like opening
(external urethral orifice)
At birth, ___ covers the glans penis
a prepuce (foreskin)
Many chose to remove this during the first days of infancy
Not usually required to remove for medical reasons
Usually done for social, cultural, religious reasons
Thought to reduce UTI’s, protect against some STD’s if male is circumcised
circumcision
Contains the bulb (expanded posterior continuation of the base of the corpus spongiosum)
Root of the Penis
Bulb:
Enclosed by the bulbospongiosus muscle which aids in ____
ejaculation
Root:
Contains the ___ (the two separated and tapered portions of the corpora cavernosa)
crura
Crura is surrounded by ___ muscles
Surrounded by the ischiocavernosus muscles
Weight of the penis is supported by two ligaments that are continuous with the fascia of the penis:
Fundiform ligament- arises from inferior part of linea alba
Suspensory ligament- arises from pubic symphysis
arises from inferior part of linea alba
Fundiform ligament-
arises from pubic symphysis
Suspensory ligament-
Fig 18.28 PENIS
slide 75
Parasympathetic fibers in __ __ of spinal cord initiate and maintain an erection (enlargement and hardening of the penis)
Sacral region
These fibers produce and release nitric oxide (NO)
NO causes smooth muscle in arteriole walls in erectile tissue to relax which allows dilation of both blood sinuses (____ ___) and vessels
(in corpora cavernosa)
All of this in conjunction causes blood to pool in the penis and cause __ __
Increase in blood flow to the penis, compresses the veins that drain the penis, therefore helping to maintain the erection
The erection
Powerful release of semen from urethra to exterior
Ejaculation
\_\_\_\_ reflex (lumbar portion of spinal cord) Smooth muscle sphincter at base of bladder constricts (prevents urine during ejaculation, and semen into bladder)
Sympathetic
Before ejaculation, ___ ___of epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate propel semen into spongy urethra
This can lead to emission (small volume of semen before ejaculation)
Peristaltic contractions
Muscles of penis contract when stimulated by ___ ___ (bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineus)
Pudendal nerve
Once stimulation has ended (whether orgasm, or interruption of process) Arterioles constrict Smooth muscle contracts Making blood sinuses smaller Relieves pressure on veins in penis Allows blood to flow back out Penis returns to normal (\_\_\_) state
Flaccid
