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AP II > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood volume is directly proportional to?

A

pressure and flow

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2
Q

as volume decreases; pressure and flow rate…

A

DECREASE

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3
Q

as volume in creases; pressure and flow rate…

A

Increase

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4
Q

four main components of blood

A

RBC’s, WBC’s, Platelets, Plasma (fluid)

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5
Q

Blood viscosity is directly proportional to

A

resistance

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6
Q

Blood viscosity is inversely proportional to

A

flow

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7
Q

length of vessel is directly proportional to

A

resistance

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8
Q

diameter of the vessel is inversely proportional to

A

resistance

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9
Q

cross sectional area is inversely proportional to

A

linear velocity of flow (Q=VA)

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10
Q

velocity of flow is slowest in capillaries because?

A

greatest cross sectional area

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11
Q

velocity of flow is fastest in vessels

A

smallest cross sectional area

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12
Q

as diameter of a vessels in the body decrease, the cross sectional area

A

increases

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13
Q

caused by shear stress produced as blood flows past stationalry wall

A

streamlining

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14
Q

whorls, vortices, eddies

A

turbulent flow

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15
Q

if pressure in right atria or ventricle increases, venous return ____

A

decreases

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16
Q

two methods that help return blodo to right side of heart

A
  1. skeletal muscle pump

2. respiratory pump

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17
Q

standing on tiptoes compresses the vein causing

A

blood milking (further valve from heart closes and closer valve open)

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18
Q

milking of the thoracic cavity occurs on

A

exhalation

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19
Q

inhalation diphragm moves downward, causing a decrease in pressure of thoracic cavity, but an increase in abdominal cavity pressure resulting in….

A

abdominal veins compress and push more volume of blood through thoracid cavity towards heart

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20
Q

exhalation - diphragm moves upward causing increase in thoracic cavity pressure, but a decrease in the abdominal cavity pressure, resulting in….

A

valve close preventing backflow from thoracic veins into abdomen

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21
Q

blood pressure is deterimined by….

A

Cardiac output
Blood volume
Vascular Resistance

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22
Q

several INTERCONNECTED negative feedback systems control blood pressure by making adjustments in

A

heart rate
stroke volume
blood volume
systemic vascular resistance

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23
Q

cardiovascular control center located in?

helps to regulate?

Also controls neural, hormonal, and local negative feedback systems that help regulate BP

A

medulla oblongata

heart rate and stroke volume and blood vessel diameter

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24
Q

CV center regulates

A

heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel diameter

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25
Q

CV center three components

A

Cardio-stimulatory center
Cardio-inhibitory center
Vasomotor center (constrict or dialate)

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26
Q

does parasympathetic system control vascular tone?

A

NOOOOOOOPE

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27
Q

parasympathetic

A

vagal nerves decrease HR and contractility

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28
Q

sympathetic

A

cardiac accelerator nerves increase HR and contracility

29
Q

vascular tone?

A

the continual sympathetic impulses sent to arteries and arterioles (reduction in rate reduces vascular tone)

30
Q

BP is regulated by which two negative feedback loops?

A

Baroreceptor reflexes

Chemoreceptor reflexes

31
Q

carotid SINUS

A

baroreceptor

32
Q

carotid BODY

A

chemoreceptor

33
Q

carotid SINUS is located…

innervated by?

A

on internal carotid artery

glossopharyngeal nerve

34
Q

Two most important Baroreceptor reflexes

A

Carotid Sinus reflex

Aortic Reflex

35
Q

helps regulate pressure in the brain

A

carotid sinus reflex

36
Q

helps regulate systemic blood pressure (baroreceptor)

A

Aortic reflex

37
Q

Aortic Reflex innervated by

A

vagal nerves

38
Q

nerve impules sent at slower rate to CV center

CV center decreases parasympathetic stimulation through vagal nerves and increases sympathetic stimulation through cardiac accelerator nerves

why does this occur?

A

drop in BP at baroreceptors (stretched less)

increased epi and norepi

heart beats faster and more forcefully, increasing CO and systemic vascular resistance increase

39
Q

systemic vascular resistance increases due to

A

decrease in BP (basically BP went down so arterioles constricted)

40
Q

systemic vascular resistance decreases due to a

A

increase in BP regulated by Baroreceptors (i.e. vasomotor neurons cause vasodilation)

said differently BP went up so arterioles dialated

41
Q

chemoreceptors detect changes in blood concentration of

A

O2, CO2, and H+

42
Q

reduced plasma O2

A

hypoxia

43
Q

increased H+ concentration

A

acidosis

44
Q

increase in CO2 in plasma

A

hypercapnia

45
Q

when chemoreceptors are stimulated this happens…

A

impulse to CV
CV increases sympathetic stimulation to arterioles adn veins causing vasoconstriction
vasoconstriction increases blood pressure

46
Q

the only hormal regulator to LOWER BP by causing vasodilation (also the loss of salt and water in urine)

A

ANP/ANH Atrial Natriuretic peptide / hormone

47
Q

RAA system stimulated by

A

decrease in blodo volume or flow to the kidneys causing an increase in BP by increasing water retention

48
Q

released by hypothalamus
causes vasoconstriction
promotes water retention in kidneys

A

ADH

49
Q

5 listed hormonal regulators of BP

A 
RAA
Epi/norepi
ADH
ADP/ANH
EPO
50
Q

increase CO by increasing HR and Force of contraction

causes vasoconstriction of arterioles in skin and abdominal organs

causes vasodilation of arterioles in cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

epi / norepi

51
Q

causes vasoconstriction of arterioles in skin and abdominal organs

causes vasodilation of arterioles in cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

epi / nor epi

52
Q

tissue changing blood flow based off metabolic demands i.e. local changes in capillary beds regulating Vasomotion

A

autoregulation

53
Q

if O2 demand increases

A

vasomotion occurs where vasodilators dilate the arterioles and relax precapilllary sphincers allowing for more blood
OR
vasoconstrictors relax to allow more blood to bring O2

54
Q

myogenic response

A

ateriole smooth muscle response

55
Q

arteriole smooth muscle has a more forceful contraction when stretched more or less stressful contraction when stretched less due to what?

A

myogenic response or myotonic response

56
Q

which types of cells alter blood-vessel diameter

A

WBC’s, platelets, smooth muscle fibers, macrophages, endothelial cells

57
Q

vasodilating chemicals?

A 
K+
H+
lactic acid
adenosine
NO
kinins
histamine
58
Q

vasoconstricting chemicals

A

Thromboxane A2
Serotonin
Endothelins

59
Q

What is different about Pulmonary vs Systemic Circulation in repone to low O2?

A

Pulmonary - constricts

Systemic - dialates

60
Q

what helps creates your pulse?

A

expansion and recoil of elastic arteries

61
Q

sounds heard when checking pulse with cuff (brachial artery)

A

Systolic - first sound

Diastolic -No longer hearing any

62
Q

sounds heard during pulse check with cuff

A

Korotkoff sounds

63
Q

how high above normal systolic BP to inflate cuff for BP check?

A

30mmHg above normal systolic

64
Q

normal MAP?

A

70-110

65
Q

MAP =

A

diastolic BP + (systolic - diastolic)/3

66
Q

if MAP below 60 for extended time

A

hypoxia and ischemia (lack of perfusion)

67
Q

Tissue perfusion ____ as someone transitions from rest, to exercise

A

increases

68
Q

selective vasodilation occurs during exercise in ____

due to resistance decrease in these active tissues

also increased venous return (muscle and respiratory pump increase return) i.e. PRELOAD increasing contractility Frank Starling

A 
skeletal muscles
heart
lungs
liver 
skin
69
Q

selective vasoconstriction occurs during exercise in ____

this allows more blood to be shunted to more metabolically demanding locations

A

kidneys, digestive system, reproductive system

AP II (7 decks)

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