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AP II > Exam 7 51-116 (Finish) > Flashcards

Exam 7 51-116 (Finish) Flashcards

1
Q

Slide 51, 52

A

Female external genitalia

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2
Q

The ___refers to the external genitalia of the female

A

vulva (pudendum)

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3
Q

Vulva includes?

A

Mons pubis

Labia majora

Labia minora

CLitoris

Vestibule

Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands

Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

Corpus spongiosum (bulb of the vestibule)

Corpus cavernosum

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4
Q

adipose tissue, cushions pubic symphysis

A

Mons pubis

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5
Q

Covered by pubic hair, composed of adipose tissue, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands

Homologous to the scrotum

A

Labia majora

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6
Q

Devoid of pubic hair and fat, few sudoriferous glands

Contains many sebaceous glands

Homologous to spongy (penile) urethra

A

Labia minora

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7
Q

Contains erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa) and numerous blood vessels and nerves

Prepuce- layer of skin formed at the point where labia minora unite, covers body of clitoris

A

Clitoris

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8
Q

Exposed portion of clitoris is called the

A

glans clitoris

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9
Q

hymen
vaginal orifice
external urethral orifice
openings of ducts of several glands

comprise the?

A

Vestibule

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10
Q

Glands of the vestibule?

A

Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands

Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

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11
Q

lateral to urethral orifice

secrete mucous

embedded in the wall of the urethra.

A

Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands

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12
Q

lateral to vaginal orifice

produce mucous during sexual arousal to provide lubrication

A

Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

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13
Q

Has two masses of erectile tissue that engorge during sexual arousal to narrow the vaginal orifice applying pressure to the penis during intercourse

A

Corpus spongiosum (Bulb of the vestibule)

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14
Q

Erectile and very sensitive tissue that fill with blood during sexual arousal as well

A

Corpus Cavernosum

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15
Q

Distal portion of this is the clitoris

A

Corpus Cavernosum

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16
Q

Slide 56-59

A

External genitalia

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17
Q

Diamond shaped area medial to thighs and buttocks

Both males and females

Contains external genitalia and anus

A

Perineum

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18
Q

Anterior aspect of perineum?

A

pubic symphysis

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19
Q

Lateral aspect of perineum?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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20
Q

A transverse line drawn from one tuberosity to the other divides this (perineum) diamond into the

A

Urogenital triangle

Anal triangle

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21
Q

posterior aspect of perinuem?

A

coccyx

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22
Q

Slides 61,62

A

More pictures

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23
Q

Mammary glands lie anterior to the pectoralis major and _____ muscles

A

serratus anterior

Each breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size

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24
Q

series of closely spaced openings where milk emerges from

A

Lactiferous Ducts

Nipple- Each breast has one pigmented projection

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25
Q

Circular pigmented skin surrounding nipple

A

Areola

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26
Q

Areola appears rough as it contains

A

modified sebaceous glands

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27
Q

run between breast skin and fascia

A

Cooper’s Ligaments

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28
Q

Become looser with excess age or strain (ie:jogging)

A

Cooper’s Ligaments

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29
Q

Mammary gland- each breast contains __(#) gland?

Lobes (compartments)- each gland contains ___(#)?

A

one

15-20

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30
Q

Each lobe has several lobules… what’s found within lobules that secrete milk?

A

alveoli

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31
Q

synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk

A

Lactation

Functions of mammary glands

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32
Q

Milk production stimulated by?

Milk ejection stimulated by?

A

prolactin

oxytocin

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33
Q

Slide 66

A

Nipples

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34
Q

Slide 67 for male/female comparison

A

yup

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35
Q

Nonpregnant females experience cyclical changes in the ovaries and uterus. Each cycle takes approximately?

A

one month (24-36 days)

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36
Q

The cycle involves ___ and preparation by the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum

A

oogenesis

Hormones from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and ovaries control these processes

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37
Q

Two cycles of female reproductive cycles?

A

Ovarian cycle

Uterine cycle

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38
Q

includes changes that occur during and after maturation of the oocyte

A

Ovarian cycle

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39
Q

involves changes in the endometrium that prepare it for implantation of the developing embryo
If fertilization does not occur, the ovarian hormones recede and cause sloughing of the stratum functionalis

A

Uterine cycle

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40
Q

Released from the hypothalamus

Controls both the ovarian and uterine cycles

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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41
Q

Stimulates release of LH and FSH

Stimulates ovarian follicles to produce estrogen

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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42
Q

Initiates follicular growth

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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43
Q

Androgens (made by ___) taken up by the granulosa cells and turned into estrogen (under influence of___)

A

LH

FSH

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44
Q

Stimulates further development of ovarian follicles

Stimulates theca cells to produce androgens

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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45
Q

Luteinizing Hormone Stimulates ___ cells to produce androgens

A

theca

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46
Q

triggers ovulation (mid-cycle)

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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47
Q

triggers ovulation (mid-cycle)

Then forms the corpus luteum (which then secrete other hormones)

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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48
Q

After being triggered by LH, Corpus luteum then produces and secretes

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

Relaxin*-Very small amounts produced unless fertilization occurs

Inhibin*-Very small amounts produced unless fertilization occurs

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49
Q

What hormone promotes development and maintenance of:
Reproductive structures
Breasts
2° sex characteristics

A

Estrogen

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50
Q

Distribution of adipose tissue in breasts, abdomen, mons pubis, hips
Voice pitch
Broad pelvis
Pattern of hair growth (head and body)

A

2° sex characteristics

from estrogen

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51
Q

Increases protein anabolism

(Includes building of strong bones
Synergistic with hGH)

A

estrogen

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52
Q

Lower blood cholesterol

Thought to be the reason most women under 50 have lower risk of coronary artery disease compared to men

A

Estrogen

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53
Q

Moderate levels of estrogen in blood inhibit release of GnRH and secretion of FSH/LH

A

Estrogen

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54
Q

Secreted mainly by cells of the corpus luteum

Small portion by the cumulus cells surrounding the ovulated oocyte

A

Progesterone

55
Q

Synergistic with estrogen to prepare and maintain endometrium

A

Progesterone

56
Q

Helps to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion

A

Progesterone

57
Q

High levels of ____ also inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH

A

progesterone

58
Q

Small amount produced by corpus luteum each month

Relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions

59
Q

Thought to help “quiet” the uterus to make it a better environment for implantation

During pregnancy, placenta produces much more of this which helps stave off uterine contractions

60
Q

Thought to help increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and help dilate cervix during labor

61
Q

Secreted by granulosa cells (of growing follicles) and corpus luteum after ovulation

Inhibits secretion of FSH and (too a lesser extent) LH

62
Q

Almost negligible unless pregnancy occurs?

A

Inhibin, relaxin

63
Q

Slide 77…

64
Q

4 phases of reproductive cycle

A

Menstrual

Preovulatory

Ovulation

Postovulatory

65
Q

Lasts roughly first 5 days of cycle (1st day of menstruation is first day of new cycle)

66
Q

Lasts roughly from day 6-13 of cycle

A

Preovulatory

67
Q

Occurs roughly on day 14 or 15

68
Q

Occurs roughly from day 15-28

A

Postovulatory

69
Q

Menstrual and preovulatory phases AKA?

A

follicular phase

70
Q

Ovulation and postovulatory phases AKA?

A

= luteal phase

71
Q

Preovulatory phase AKA?

A

= proliferative phase

Because of the proliferation of the endometrial lining

72
Q

Postovulatory phase AKA?

A

Postovulatory phase = secretory phase

Because of the secretion of glycogen by the secretory glands of the endometrium

73
Q

Slide 77, 81 for learning

A

learning occured

74
Q

Events in the OVARIES for menstrual?

A

Increased FSH starts the progression of primordial follicles into primary follicles

These primary follicles continue maturing

75
Q

Menses- 50-150mL of blood, tissue fluid, mucus and epithelial cells shed from endometrium

Declining levels of ___ and ____ cause release of prostaglandins

(Events in the Uterus for menstrual phase)

A

progesterone

estrogen

76
Q

Prostaglandins cause ____ to constrict

_____ feed the stratum functionalis layer

When these cells are oxygen deprived, they start to die

The dying of these cells forces the stratum functionalis layer to slough off causing _____?

(Events in the Uterus for menstrual phase)

A

spiral arterioles

Spiral arterioles

menses

77
Q

The primary follicles have matured into secondary follicles in this phase

These secondary follicles start to secrete?

(events in the ovaries for Preovulatory phase)

A

estrogen and inhibin

78
Q

Approximately on day 10, one of the secondary follicles has outgrown all others to become the dominant follicle

The estrogen and inhibin secreted by the dominant follicle decreases the release of?

This causes other less-developed follicles to stop growing, which forces them to undergo atresia

(events in the ovaries for Preovulatory phase)

79
Q

The dominant follicle becomes the mature (graafian) follicle

What phase?

A

Preovulatory phase (in ovaries)

This continues to develop until it is approximately 20mm in diameter and ready for ovulation

As this process continues, estrogen production is increased as the size of the follicle increases

80
Q

Mature follicle AKA

81
Q

Events in the Uterus (ovulation phase)

Lining is continuing to?

Arterioles continuing to lengthen, coil and imbed deeper into endometrium

A

proliferate

82
Q

a home test kit can detect the surge of __signaling ovulation has occurred during this phase

83
Q

a home test kit can detect the surge of __signaling ovulation has occurred during this phase

84
Q

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase..

After ovulation, the mature (graafian) follicle collapses

Basement membrane between the theca interna and granulosa cells breaks down
These cells mix and become ____ cells under the influence of LH

A

corpus luteum

85
Q

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase..

LH stimulates these corpus luteum cells (collectively known as corpus luteum) to secrete (4 hormones)?

A

Progesterone
Estrogen
Inhibin
Relaxin

86
Q

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. NOT fertilized…

The corpus luteum has a two week lifespan

The secretory activity (hormones) decline at this time forcing it to degenerate into?

A

corpus albicans

87
Q

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. NOT fertilized…

As levels of progesterone, estrogen, inhibin (go up or down?), release of GnRH, FSH, LH rise due to loss of negative feedback

____ growth resumes and a new ovarian cycle resumes

A

decrease

Follicular

88
Q

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. NOT fertilized…

As levels of progesterone, estrogen, inhibin (go up or down?), release of GnRH, FSH, LH rise due to loss of negative feedback

____ growth resumes and a new ovarian cycle resumes

A

decrease

Follicular

89
Q

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. fertilized…

Once sperm penetrates the ___, it signals the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II

A

zona pellucida

90
Q

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. fertilized…

This produces the mature ovum and a __ __ ___
The sperm will penetrate the cytoplasm of the ovum

This causes two pronuclei to form and fuse restoring the diploid chromosome number

A

second polar body

91
Q

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. fertilized…

The corpus luteum persists past it’s 2-week lifespan by being rescued by (hormone)?

___ is produced by the chorion of the embryo beginning about 8 days after fertilization

A

human chorionic gonadotropic (hCG)

92
Q

Like LH, __ stimulates secretory activity of the corpus luteum

Presence of ___ in maternal blood or urine is indicator of pregnancy

93
Q

Postovulatory Phase events in the uterus…

Progesterone and estrogen produced by corpus luteum cause what three things in the uterus?

A

Promote growth and coiling of the endometrial glands

Vascularization of the superficial endometrium

Thickening of the endometrium (12-18mm)

94
Q

Postovulatory Phase events in the uterus…

These preparatory changes peak about 1 week after ovulation as this signals the arrival of the possibly fertilized ovum into the uterus

If fertilization does not occur, levels of ___ and ___ decline due to degeneration of the corpus luteum

A

progesterone and estrogen

95
Q

Postovulatory Phase events in the uterus…

These preparatory changes peak about 1 week after ovulation as this signals the arrival of the possibly fertilized ovum into the uterus

If fertilization does not occur, levels of progesterone and estrogen decline due to degeneration of ?

A

corpus luteum

96
Q

Withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone cause?

A

menstruation

97
Q

KNOW SLIDE 97 ….

A

and physiology with appropriate timelines…

98
Q

Slide 98 might be helpful for learning

A

hormones and stuff

99
Q

4 stages of female sex response

A

Excitement phase (mainly parasympathetic response)

Plateau Phase (mainly parasympathetic response)

Orgasm phase (sympathetic response)

Resolution phase (sympathetic response)

100
Q 
Increased sexual tension
Deep breathing
Increased HR
Increased BP
Skin flush
Vaginal engorgement of labia and clitoris
Vaginal “sweating” (transudative lubrication)
Secretions from Bartholin’s glands
A

Excitement phase (mainly parasympathetic response)

101
Q

Excitement phase Secretions from what gland?

A

Bartholin’s glands

102
Q

Marked vasoconstriction

“Sex flush” (rash on breasts, chest, epigastric area)

Engorgement of lower 1/3 of vagina, narrowing diameter

A

Plateau Phase (mainly parasympathetic response)

103
Q

Dilation of upper 2/3rds of vagina

Continued vaginal “sweating”

Continued clitoral swelling

A

Plateau Phase (mainly parasympathetic response)

104
Q

Release of tension

Rhythmic myotonic contractions

Contractions of peri-vaginal muscles and anal sphincter

Uterine contractions

A

Orgasm phase (sympathetic response)

105
Q

Some is urine

Some is prostate specific antigen from skene’s glands which are homologous to prostate

Some is Bartholin gland secretion

Not all women have ability to produce copious amounts

A

Female ejaculation – Does it exist?

106
Q

Return to pre-excitement state

Personal satisfaction and well-being

New excitement cycles may be started

A

Resolution phase (sympathetic response)

107
Q

Restricting the number of children conceived by various methods

No single, ideal method of birth control exists

Only 100% reliable method???

A

Birth Control

108
Q

Birth Control… Several methods exist

A 
Surgical sterilization
Hormonal methods
Intrauterine devices (IUD’s)
Spermicides
Barrier methods
Periodic abstinence
109
Q

Renders an individual incapable of further reproduction…if it works

A

Surgical Sterilization

110
Q

Males- Vasectomy…

portion of each ____ is removed
Two places tied, sutured, and then middle cut out

A

ductus (vas) deferens

111
Q

Males- Vasectomy…

Sperm production continues in the testes but they can no longer reach the exterior

Sperm degenerate and destroyed by?

A

phagocytosis

112
Q

Males- Vasectomy…

Blood vessels are not cut, so ___ levels remain the same

If done correctly, this procedure is nearly 100% effective

A

testosterone

113
Q

Females- tubal ligation

Tubes are tied and cut, cauterized or clamped/clipped

These processes are to prevent the ___ from passing through the tubes or sperm from getting to the oocyte in the tubes

A

secondary oocyte

114
Q

Irreversible procedure as alternative to tubal ligation

Coil inserted into the tubes which causes scar tissue to form

A

Essure

Non-incisional Sterilization

115
Q

Oral Contraceptives…

Contain hormones designed to prevent pregnancy. Some contain just ____ (hormone with actions similar to progesterone)

116
Q

Oral Contraceptives…

Thicken ___ to block sperm

Also block implantation in the uterus

A

cervical mucous

117
Q

Oral Contraceptives…

Some contain both estrogen and progestin.

The combined forms inhibit ovulation by suppressing the?

Low levels of ___ prevents development of dominant follicle in ovary

118
Q

Regulation of length of menstrual cycle

Decreased menstrual flow (decreased risk of anemia)

Provides protection against endometrial and ovarian cancers

Reduces risk of endometriosis

A

Noncontraceptive benefits

119
Q

Noncontraceptive Risks?

A

May not be advised for women with history of blood clotting disorders, cerebral blood vessel damage, migraine headaches, hypertension, liver malfunction, heart disease

120
Q

Made of plastic, copper, or stainless steel

Inserted into the internal os of the uterus

Prevents sperm from entering uterus

121
Q

Foams, creams, jellies, suppositories and douches that contain sperm-killing agents

Make the vagina unfavorable for sperm survival

Available without prescription

A

Spermicides

122
Q 
Male condom
Female condom
Diaphragm
Cervical cap (more rigid than diaphragm)
A

Barrier Methods

In addition to preventing pregnancy, certain barrier methods can prevent against STI’s

123
Q

Periodic Abstinence… rhythm method?

A

Abstaining when pregnancy chances are highest (3 days before, day of and 3 days after ovulation)

124
Q

Periodic Abstinence… Sympto-thermal method

A

understanding signs of ovulation such as increased basal body temp, stretchy cervical mucous, and pain with ovulation (mittelschmerz)

125
Q

Spontaneous abortion?

A

Naturally occurring, miscarriage

126
Q

Premature expulsion of conception products from the uterus (usually before 20th week of pregnancy)

A

Spontaneous abortion

127
Q

Abortion can be intentionally induced/performed by?

A

Medications such as mifepristone (anti-progestin)

Vacuum aspiration

Dilation and evacuation

Late-stage abortion

128
Q

With age, fertility decreases in both males and females

129
Q

Females-menopause…

Between 40-50 years old, ovarian pool is exhausted

Production of ___ declines no matter how much FSH/LH is released from ant. pit

Hot flashes and heavy sweating start to occur from the surge of GnRH

130
Q

Other symptoms of ____ include headaches, hair loss, vaginal dryness, insomnia, depression, weight gain, mood swings

With loss of estrogen, decrease in bone mineral density occurs

131
Q

Healthy men maintain their reproductive capabilities into?

A

80’s-90’s

132
Q

Age 50-55 men begin decrease in testosterone synthesis….

Can lead to?

A

reduced muscle strength, fewer viable sperm, reduced libido

133
Q

Age 60 potentially brings increase in prostate size 2-4x’s normal called Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)….

A

Decreases size of prostatic urethra causing frequent urination, bed wetting, hesitancy in urination, decreased force of stream, postvoiding dribbling

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