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AP II > Exam 7 Female slides #1-50 > Flashcards

Exam 7 Female slides #1-50 Flashcards

1
Q

Ovaries
Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes, oviducts)
Uterus
Vagina
External organs
Collectively called the vulva or pudendum
*mammary glands are considered part of both the integumentary and reproductive systems

A

Included in Female reproductive system

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2
Q

External female reproductive collectively called:

A

Collectively called the vulva or pudendum

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3
Q

____ glands are considered part of both the integumentary and reproductive systems

A

Mammary

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4
Q

female gonads resemeble:

A

Resemble unshelled almonds in size and shape

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5
Q

Female gonads produce:

A

Produce gametes

Secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova after fertilization

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6
Q

Hormones of the female gonads:

A

Progesterone
Inhibin
Estrogen
Relaxin

PIER

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7
Q

Ovaries:
On either side of uterus
Held in place by: (3)

A

Broad ligament- fold of parietal peritoneum
Ovarian ligament- anchors ovaries to uterus
Suspensory ligament- attaches them to pelvic wall

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8
Q

Each ovary contains a ____

Point of entrance or exit for blood vessels and nerves

A

Hilum (hilus)

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9
Q

Covers surface of ovary

A

Germinal epithelium

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10
Q

white capsule of dense irregular connective tissue deep to the germinal epithelium

A

Tunica albuginea

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11
Q

Deep to tunica albuginea, consists of ovarian follicles which are surrounded by dense connective tissue layer that contains collagen fibers and fibroblast-like cells called stromal cells

A

Ovarian cortex

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12
Q

Deep to the ovarian cortex, consists of more loosely arranged connective tissue which contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A

Ovarian medulla

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13
Q

Lie in the cortex, consist of oocytes in various stages of development plus the cells surrounding them

A

Ovarian follicles

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14
Q

(cells that surround follicles)

A

Granulosa cells

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15
Q

Begin with cells in single layer awaiting oogenesis

Example:

A

Example: primordial follicle

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16
Q

Under the influence of FSH, cells multiple into layers

Example:

A

primary and secondary follicles

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17
Q

see it, know it!

A

slide 8 among others

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18
Q

Large, fluid filled follicle that is ready to rupture

Expels the secondary oocyte (process of ovulation)

A

Mature (graafian) follicle

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19
Q

Contains remnants of mature follicle after ovulation

Produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin and inhibin until it degenerates

A

Corpus luteum (yellow body)

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20
Q

Degenerates into scar tissue called

A

corpus albicans

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21
Q

Formation of gametes in ovaries

A

Oogenesis

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22
Q

Begins in females before birth

Remember spermatogenesis begins in males at puberty

A

Oogenesis

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23
Q

____occurs in essentially same manner as spermatogenesis

Mitosis takes place (this is NOT continual in females like it is in males)
Meiosis takes place
Resulting germ cells undergo maturation

A

Oogenesis

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24
Q

~4th week of fetal development, primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to _____

A

Gonadal ridge

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25
Q

At the gonadal ridge, they are now called _____ (immature germ cells)

A

Oogonia

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26
Q

Oogonia are ___ __ stem cells that undergo mitosis to produce 6-7 million oogonia by mid-gestational period (20 weeks)

A

diploid (2n)

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27
Q

These oogonia are then stimulated to begin meiosis I which then changes their classification into ___ ___

A

Primary oocytes

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28
Q

Primary oocytes

Become “____” in the prophase of meiosis I until puberty

A

arrested

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29
Q

During this arrested phase, the primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells

Entire structure at this point is called a __ __

A

primordial follicle

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30
Q

Mid-gestation, a female will have generated all of the ___ ___ she will ever be able to

A

Primordial follicles

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31
Q

Many of these will die by ____ over the course of the next 40-50 years

Unlike male gametes, females cannot produce more oogonia to start the process over

A

apoptosis

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32
Q

Slide 14

A

know this too!

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33
Q

~7 million oogonia at mid-gestation
~1 million primordial follicles at birth
~300,000 primordial follicles at puberty

A

’s

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34
Q

400 will mature and be ___ during a woman’s reproductive lifetime

What is significant about 400?

A

ovulated

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35
Q

Anywhere from 5,000-15,000 per month are lost due to ___ (degeneration) or apoptosis (programmed cell death)

A

atresia

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36
Q

Each month after puberty until menopause
___/__ stimulate development of 10-30 primordial follicles

Normally only one will reach maturity needed for ovulation

A

FSH/LH

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37
Q

These primordial follicles morph into ____

A

primary follicles

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38
Q

The single layer of granulosa cells begins to proliferate leaving multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding the primary oocyte

These granulosa cells start to produce small amounts of ___-containing fluid that starts to fill inside the follicle

A

estrogen

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39
Q

stromal cells surrounding basement membrane

A

Theca folliculi-

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40
Q

pic!

A

slide 17

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41
Q

continued maturation turns primary follicles into these

A

Secondary follicle-

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42
Q

highly vascularized cells, secretes precursor androgen that granulosa cells convert into estrogen

A

Theca interna-

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43
Q

outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibers

A

Theca externa-

44
Q

these cells Continue to secrete estrogen-containing fluid that builds up in a cavity called the antrum (in center of secondary follicle)

A

Granulosa cells

45
Q

Innermost layer of granulosa cells converts into cumulus-granulosa cells, which attach to the oocyte

A

Corona radiata

46
Q

These cumulus-granulosa cells produce/secrete small amounts of ____ which is thought to attract sperm and promote motility

A

Progestrone

47
Q

As the oocyte develops, it secretes a gel-like matrix that coats itself

Helps to adhere the cumulus-granulosa cells to it

This process begins in primary follicles but completes as secondary follicles

A

Zona pellucida

48
Q

pay attention to antrum on this slide..

A

slide 20

49
Q

Just before ovulation of the mature follicle
The diploid primary oocyte completes meiosis I
This produces two haploid (n) cells of UNEQUAL size
Each has ## chromosomes

A

23

50
Q

The smaller haploid cell is called the __ __ __

Packet of discarded nuclear material

Either degenerates or divides to form non-functional cells

A

First polar body

51
Q

The larger haploid cell is now called the secondary oocyte

Receives most of the cytoplasm

Begins meiosis II but stops in ____
Is then released (ovulation)

A

Metaphase

52
Q

Secondary OOCYTE expelled into pelvic cavity

Also expelled is the first polar body

Normally all is “swept” into the ___ __

A

fallopian tubes

53
Q

If fertilization does not occur, all cells ____

A

degenerate

54
Q

If sperm present and penetrates secondary oocyte, meiosis II resumes

Secondary oocyte splits into ## ___

A

2 haploid cells

55
Q

Ovum- larger cell (+ nuclei of sperm = ___ ___)

Second polar body- smaller, leftovers

A

diploid zygote

56
Q

Oogenesis and development of follicle

A

slide 23

57
Q

After ovulation
Currents produced by fimbriae surround mature follicle (just released from ovary)

This current pulls the ___ from the peritoneal cavity into the fallopian tube

A

Oocyte

58
Q

Peristaltic movements of tubal layers move the secondary oocyte toward the ___

If not fertilized at time of uterus arrival, the oocyte will begin to disintegrate (menses)

A

Uterus

59
Q

Fertilization

Sperm cell usually encounters secondary oocyte in the ___ of fallopian tube (fertilization)

Can happen in the peritoneal cavity but this is rare

A

ampulla

60
Q 
Haploid(n) nuclear materials unite 
Becomes diploid (2n) (now called a \_\_\_)
A

Zygote

61
Q

Begins cell division while moving towards uterus

Arrives at uterus 6-7 days after ovulation

Implantation occurs in ___ __

A

uterine wall

62
Q

Fallopian tube

A

slide 26

63
Q

Uterus: position is superior to the bladder

_____- body of uterus projects anteriorly over bladder (normal position

Anterior to the rectum

A

Anteflexion

64
Q

Part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tube

Site of implantation of the fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy/labor

If implantation does not occur, uterus is source of ___ ___

A

menstraul flow

65
Q

Uterus

A

slide 29-31

66
Q

top of the uterus

A

Fundus

67
Q

central portion of uterus

A

body

68
Q

inferior extension of uterus into vaginal canal

A

Cervix

69
Q

region between the body and the cervix

A

Isthmus

70
Q

Uterus:

interior of the body

A

Uterine cavity

71
Q

Uterus:

interior of the cervix

A

Cervical canal

72
Q
  • opening of the canal into the uterus
A

Internal os

73
Q
  • opening of the canal into the vagina
A

External os

74
Q

Three histological layers (external to internal)

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

75
Q

Laterally becomes broad ligament
Anteriorly covers bladder, forms vesicouterine pouch
Posteriorly covers rectum, forms rectouterine pouch
This is the inferior most location in the abdominal cavity
Tends to be where fluid collects

A

Perimetrium

76
Q

consisting of three layers of smooth muscle

A

Myometrium

77
Q

Stratum functionalis layer- shed each month during menstruation
Stratum basalis layer- permanent, gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation

A

Endometrium

78
Q

Perimetrium pouches

slide 34

A

Rectouterin is in red…

also vesicouterine

79
Q

Uterus pic

A

slide 35

80
Q

double folds of peritoneum

Attached uterus to either side of pelvic cavity

A

Broad Ligaments

81
Q

peritoneal extensions
Lie on either side of rectum
Connect uterus to sacrum

A

Uterosacral Ligaments

82
Q

Inferior to base of broad ligaments

Extend from pelvic wall to cervix and vagina

A

Cardinal (lateral) Ligaments

83
Q

fibrous connective tissue between broad ligaments

Extend from point on uterus just inferior to fallopian tubes to portion of labia majora (external genitalia)

A

Round Ligaments-

84
Q

Uterine Ligaments

A

slide 37

85
Q

branches of internal iliac artery

Supply blood to the uterus

A

Uterine arteries

86
Q

branches from uterine arteries

Arranged in circular fashion in myometrium

A

Acruate arteries

87
Q

branches of arcuate arteries
Penetrate deeply into myometrium
Just before these enter endometrium they branch

A

Radial arteries

88
Q

supply stratum basalis

A

Straight arterioles

89
Q

supply stratum functionalis*

A

Spiral arterioles

90
Q

Uterine Veins- blood leaving uterus empties into __ __ veins

A

Internal iliac

91
Q

Uterine blood supply

A

slide 39

92
Q

Most inferior portion of uterus

Extends into vaginal canal

A

Cervix

93
Q

Encompassing external cervix and os

Usually 1 inch in diameter

A

Ectocervix

94
Q

Encompasses endocervical canal to internal os

A

Endocervix

95
Q

produced by secretory cells of cervix

chemically more hospitable to sperm during ovulation because it is less viscous and more alkaline

A

Cervical Mucus

96
Q

Cervix

A

slide 41

97
Q

Never had fetus pass through cervix

Could mean someone who had a c-section though

A

Nulliparous

98
Q

Had child pass through cervix

A

Parous

99
Q

Histology of cervix

A

best understood through the slide #43-46

100
Q

Tubular, 4 inch long fibromuscular canal

Lined with a mucous membrane that extends from exterior of body to cervix

A

Vagina

101
Q

Outlet for menstrual flow

Passageway for birth

A

Vagina

102
Q

Recess that surrounds vaginal attachment to cervix

A

Fornix

103
Q

anchors vagina to adjacent organs

A

Adventitia

104
Q

composed of an outer circular layer and inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
This allows the vagina to stretch during intercourse and childbirth

A

Muscularis

105
Q

continuous with that of the uterus

A

Mucosa

106
Q

Thin mucous membrane
Usually partially closes the inferior end of the vagina
Found in infant and toddler females

A

Hymen

AP II (7 decks)

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