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Medical Physiology > Exam #6: Sleep > Flashcards

Exam #6: Sleep Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the main types of brain waves?

A

Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta

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2
Q

What frequency is associated with alpha waves?

A

8-13 Hz

**Slightly slower than Beta waves–imagine closing your eyes in lecture, but you’re still awake

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3
Q

What frequency is associated with beta waves?

A

13-30Hz

*****These are the FASTEST waves & associated with the awake & alert individual

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4
Q

What frequency is associated with theta waves?

A

4-7 Hz

**Associated with sleep

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5
Q

What frequency is associated with delta waves?

A

0.5- 3.5 Hz

**Associated with sleep

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6
Q

Which type of wave has a very low frequency, below 3.5 per second?

A

Delta waves

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7
Q

Which type of wave is characteristic of an awake, alert adult whose eyes are open?

A

Beta

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8
Q

What are the different sleep stages?

A 
Stage 1 
Stage 2 
Stage 3 
Stage 4 
REM
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of Stage 1?

A

This is the transition from wakefulness to sleep

*Theta waves are prominent

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Stage 2?

A

Light sleep

*K-complexes and sleep spindles are prominent

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of Stage 3?

A

Moderately deep sleep

*Some delta waves

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of Stage 4?

A

Deep sleep

*>50% delta waves

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of REM sleep?

A

REM= “Rapid Eye Movements”

  • Decreased EMG activity
  • Increased HR (irregular)
  • Increased resipiration

**Characterized by low-voltage/ fast waves (beta) & saw-tooth waves

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14
Q

What stage of sleep has the highest percent of time spent in delta waves?

A

Stage 4

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15
Q

During which stage of sleep is there intense descending inhibition of spinal motoneurons?

A

REM

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16
Q

Which stage of sleep is least likely during the first 60 minutes of normal adult sleep?

A

REM

17
Q

What sleep stage is associated with penile erection?

A

REM

18
Q

What are the different types of epilepsy discussed in class?

A

Grand mal
Petite mal
Simple partial
Complex partial

19
Q

What are the characteristics of a Grand Mal seizure?

A

This is now called a tonic-clonic seizure

  • Loss of consciousness
  • Tonic= period of increased tone
  • Clonic= period of jerk movements
  • Postictal state follows
20
Q

What are the characteristics of a Petite Mal seizure?

A

This is now called an absence seizure

  • Transient loss of consciousness
  • Muscle tone is maintained
  • Subtle motor manifestations e.g. eye blinking
  • No postictal state
21
Q

What are the characteristics of a Simple Partial seizure?

A

This is a focal type of seizure that does not affect consciousness e.g. Jacksonian motor seizures

22
Q

What are the characteristics of a Complex Partial seizure?

A

These are seizures that originate in the temporal or frontal lobe & affect consciousness

  • Verbal automatisms
  • Motor automatisms
23
Q

What are the stages of tonic - clonic seizures?

A

1) Tonic
2) Clonic
3) Postictal

24
Q

What type of epilepsy is characterized by EEG record of 3 per second spike and dome pattern?

A

Petite Mal

25
Q

What are the symptoms of narcolepsy?

A
  • Sleep attacks
  • Cataplexy (abrupt muscle weakness & hypotonia triggered by emotional stimulus
  • Hypnagogic hallucinations i.e. hallucinations in transition between wakefullness & sleep
26
Q

What causes narcolepsy in humans?

A
  • Reduction/ absence of hypothalamic cells that produce orexin/hypocretin
  • Thought to be caused by an autoimmune attack
27
Q

What is a parasomnia?

A

Disorders of the sleep cycle and other non-sleep dysfunctions associated with sleep

  • Bed wetting
  • Sleep walking
  • Sleep terrors
  • REM sleep behavioral disorder
  • Sleep apnea
28
Q

What brain region and neurotransmitter is associated with REM sleep?

A

Reticular activating system

- Cholinergic

29
Q

What brain regions and neurotransmitters are associated with wakefulness?

A

1) Locus coeruleus–NE
2) Pontine raphe neuron–Serotonin
3) Posterior hypothalamus–histaminergic
4) Lateral hypothalamus- orexin

30
Q

What neurotransmitter is crucial for wakefulness?

A

Orexin in the lateral hypothalamus

31
Q

What brain region is associated with the onset of sleep?

A

VPLO–ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

32
Q

What is a sensory evoked potentials? How are they measured? What is their clinical significance?

A
  • This is a signals extracted from EEG following repeated stimulation of a sensory system
  • Averaging the repeated stimuli will reduce “noise”

*****These have been well documented & standardized–abnormality in sensory evoked potential indicates an organic problem–also that these are done during SPINE SURGERY

33
Q

What is the location of the primary biological clock?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

34
Q

Where melatonin is synthesized and released?

A

Pineal gland

35
Q

What is the role of melatonin in sleep?

A

Activates the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

36
Q

Why do we sleep?

A
  • Interstitial space enlarges and helps remove neurotoxins from the brain
  • Sleep has an important role in learning & memory
37
Q

What is nocturnal enuresis?

A

Bed-wetting

38
Q

What is somnambulism?

A

Sleep-walking

Medical Physiology (74 decks)

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