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Medical Physiology > Exam #4: Anterior & Posterior Pituitary > Flashcards

Exam #4: Anterior & Posterior Pituitary Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are polypeptide hormones? List examples of polypeptide hormones.

A

Polypeptide hormones are hormones that have LESS THAN 100 amino acids & are often just called “peptide hormones”
- Oxytocin is an example

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2
Q

What are protein hormones? List examples of protein hormones.

A

Polypeptide hormones with MORE THAN 100 amino acids

- Growth hormone is an example

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3
Q

What are steroid hormones? List examples of steroid hormones.

A

Hormones that are derived from cholesterol

1) Adrenal steroid hormones including:
- Aldosterone
- Cortisol
- Adrenal androgens
2) Gonadal steroid hormones
- Testosterone from the testis
- Progesterone from the ovaries
3) Placental steroid hormones
- Estrogen & progesterone from the placenta
4) Vitamin D

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4
Q

What are amine hormones? List examples of amine hormones.

A

Amino-acid derived hormones such as the tyrosine derivatives

  • Tyrosine–>DA, NE, & Epi
  • Thyroid hormone: tyrosine derivative + iodine
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5
Q

Which types of hormone are water soluble? Describe the synthesis and release of these hormones.

A

Polypeptide and protein hormones are are water soluble

1) Synthesized as a large preprohormone (inactive)
2) Cleaved into prohormone in the ER & sent to golgi
3) Golgi packages into vesicles and cleaves to active hormone
4) Activate hormones are released via exocytosis

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6
Q

Which types of hormone are lipid soluble? Describe the synthesis and release of these hormones.

A

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble

1) Synthesized from cells that store cholesterol esters
2) Lipid soluble; thus, CANNOT be STORED in vesicles
3) Diffuse through the membrane and are directly released into the ISF after synthesis

*However, note that steroid hormones do bind to plasma proteins; this prevents clearance through the kidney and INCREASES the half-life of the hormone

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7
Q

Which hormones bind to surface receptors?

A

Peptide or protein hormones bind to surface receptors

*Note that this includes catecholamines (derived from the amino acid, tyrosine)

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8
Q

Which hormones bind to receptors in the cytosol or the nucleus? What happens after binding to the intracellular receptors? Outline the action of Leptin in terms of intracellular binding.

A

Steroid (i.e. lipophilic) hormones are intracellular hormones that bind with receptors in the cytosol or nucleus

  • “Cytoplasmic receptors”
  • “Nuclear receptors”
  • ->These receptor complexes the bind to hormone response elements that alter DNA expression
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9
Q

Describe response driven negative feedback.

A

Response-driven negative feedback

1) Endocrine gland releases hormone
2) Hormone acts on target organ
3) Target organ exerts a physiologic effect
4) Negative feedback is exerted on the endocrine organ

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10
Q

Describe the endocrine-axis negative feedback system.

A

Endocrine-axis negative feedback

1) Hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons
2) Releasing hormone
3) Pituitary gland
4) Tropic hormone
5) Peripheral endocrine gland
6) Hormone–>negative feedback onto the pituitary and hypothalamus

  • Hormone has a effect on a target organ, which exerts physiological effects
  • *Also, note that problems can arise at the three different levels of this pathway
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11
Q

Describe the anatomical relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

A
  • The “hypo-thalamus” is located below the thalamus in the medial and lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle;
  • Hypothalamus contains”primary plexus” or vessels that form a direct link between the anterior pituitary and they hypothalamus;
  • “primary plexus” arises from the “median eminence” of the hypothalamus
  • The anterior pituitary is inferior to the hypothalamus & contains the “secondary plexus”

These two anatomical locations are connected via portal hypophysial vessels or hypophysial stalk

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12
Q

Describe the physiological relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. What is the difference between ultrashort, short, and long loop negative feedback?

A
  • Hypothalamus releases substances that affect the anterior pituitary gland
  • Ultra-short= hypothalamus effect on hypothalamus
  • Short= ant. pit. on hypothalamus
  • Long= end organ–>hypothalamus
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13
Q

What hormones are made and released by the hypothalamus?

A

Generally, remember that the hypothalamus makes “hypophysiotrophic hormones” or releasing/ inhibiting factors that act on the anterior pituitary

1) CRH= corticotropin-releasing hormone
2) TRH= thyrotropin releasing hormone
3) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
4) GHRH= Growth hormone -releasing hormone
5) Somatostatin= growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
6) Dopamine= prolactin-inhibiting factor

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14
Q

What is the action of each hypothalamic hormone on the anterior pituitary?

A

1) CRH= corticotropin-releasing hormone= control of corticotropin or ACTH release

2) TRH= thyrotropin releasing hormone=
- Thyroid stimulating hormone
- Prolactin secretion

3) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone= FSH and LH
4) GHRH= Growth hormone -releasing hormone
5) Somatostatin= growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
6) Dopamine= prolactin-inhibiting factor

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15
Q

Which hormones are made by hypothalamic cells and released by the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH (vasopressin)= anti-diuretic hormone

Oxytocin= milk letdown & uterine contraction

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16
Q

Where are posterior pituitary hormones made? (Know names of the two hypothalamic nuclei)

A

Supraoptic

Paraventricular nuclei

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17
Q

Be able to list the anterior and posterior pituitary hormones and give their functions.

A
  • ACTH= acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate the release of cortisol
  • TSH= Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone= control of the release of T3 & T4 from the thyroid gland (T3 is the active form) & stimulates the release of prolactin
  • FSH= growth of follicles and sperm
  • LH= ovulation of eggs
  • Growth Hormone= goes to the liver, which makes insulin-like growth factors (IGF/somatomedin)
  • Prolactin= make the milk, NOT MILK LETDOWN!!!!!!
18
Q

Explain how hormones can be cleared form the blood.

A

1) Metabolic destruction by tissue or blood enzymes
2) Binding to tissue
3) Excretion by liver in the form of bile
4) Excretion from kidney in urine

  • Liver is the most important side for degradation
  • Kidney is also important
19
Q

How does whether of not the hormone is free or bound to a protein carrier affect its half-life in the blood?

A

Binding to a protein carrier increases the half-life of a protein; prevents renal clearance b/c plasma proteins cannot be filtered

20
Q

Describe the different types of diabetes insipidus.

A

1) Central= issue with the hypothalamus
- Tumor
- Trauma
- Surgery

2) Nephrogenic= problem in the kidney; this is an ADH unresponsive kidney
- Renal disease
- ADH-unresponsive kidney
- Drugs

*****Loss of water due to polyuria

21
Q

Describe the actions of oxytocin and the stimulus for the milk let down reflex

A 
Prolactin= make milk 
Oxytocin= milk letdown (connection from the nipple/breast to hypothalamus-->posterior pituitary)
22
Q

Describe the physiological functions of growth hormone in the adipose tissue, muscle, and liver.

A

-Growth hormone goes to the liver, which releases insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I) OR growth hormone from the liver goes directly to the tissues and has an effect:
Adipose:
1) Increases breakdown of fat
2) Decreases glucose uptake

Muscle:

1) Increase protein synthesis
2) Decrease glucose uptake

Liver:

1) Increase gluconeogenic enzymes
2) Production of IGF

Remember, GH has three main functions:

  • Diabetogenic effect
  • Increased protein synthesis & organ growth
  • Increased linear bone growth
23
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone on bone growth?

A

Growth hormone causes an increase in linear bone growth

24
Q

Describe the relationship between growth hormone and the insulin like growth factors.

A
  • Growth hormone increases the release of IGF

- IGF exerts negative feedback on growth hormone

25
Q

List where the insulin-like growth factors and where they are produced.

A

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are produced in the liver

26
Q

What is the other name for the insulin-like growth factors?

A
  • IGF

- Somatomedin

27
Q

Define term panhypopituitarism.

A

Panhypopituitarism is a condition of inadequate or absent production of the anterior pituitary hormones

28
Q

What is the effect of panhypopituitarism?

A

No or lessened secretion of all the pituitary hormones

29
Q

Describe the effect of too little growth hormone.

A

Dwarfism

30
Q

Describe the effect of too much growth hormone.

A
  • Overgrowth

- Insulin resistance

31
Q

How do the effects of overabundance or too little growth hormone differ if present from birth or, of if it occurs during adulthood.

A

Dependent on the closure of the epiphyseal plates:

  • Giantism prior to closure
  • Acromegaly is after the closure of the epiphyseal plates
32
Q

Describe the symptoms seen in patients with acromegaly.

A 
Increased periosteal bone growth
Increased organ size
Increased hand and foot size 
Enlargement of the tongue 
Coarsening of the features 
Insulin resistance
Glucose intolerance
33
Q

What is the median eminence?

A

Part of the hypothalamus that contains the primary plexus

34
Q

What are the of the portal circulation between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

A

This is the network of blood vessels between the hypothalamus & the anterior pituitary

  • Primary plexus (median eminance–>hypophysial vessels–>anterior pituitary
35
Q

What is the hypothalamophypophysial tract?

A

This is the connection between the hypothalamus (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) and the posterior pituitary gland

36
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

A tropic hormone is a hormone released from the hypothalamus that has an effect on group of cells in the anterior pituitary, causing growth of that region and secretion of its hormones

37
Q

What are the three parts of a G-protein coupled receptor? Which parts can function independently?

A

Three parts: alpha, beta, and gamma

  • Alpha
  • Beta/gamma
38
Q

What are the two different types of intracellular receptors?

A

1) Receptor is already attached to the DNA
2) Receptor is NOT attached to the DNA & must enter to nucleus to interact with its corresponding hormone response elements

39
Q

What is the adenohypophysis? What is the neurohypophysis?

A
  • Adeno= anterior pituitary

- Neuro= posterior pituitary

40
Q

List the hormone secreting cells of the anterior pituitary.

A 
Somatotrope
Lactotrope
Corticotrope
Thyrotrope
Gonadotrope
41
Q

What is the function of Gherlin?

A

Acts on the Anterior Pituitary to increase the release of IGF-I from the liver

Medical Physiology (74 decks)

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