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Biology 1113 > exam 6 (ch 12,13) > Flashcards

exam 6 (ch 12,13) Flashcards

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1
Q

Microtubule organizing center

A

Centrosome

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2
Q

Actin filaments arranged in a twisted double chain

A

Microfilament

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3
Q

Tubulin proteins that make up part of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules

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4
Q

Proteins associated with DNA at the centromere

A

Kinetochore

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5
Q

Chromatin condense becoming sister chromatids (chromosomes), nucleus dissolves

A

Prophase

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6
Q

Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell

A

Metaphase

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7
Q

The plane where chromosomes line up due to the pull from microtubules

A

Metaphase Plate

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8
Q

Sister chromatids separate

A

Anaphase

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9
Q

The cells start to separate

in animals: a cleavage furrow forms

A

Telophase

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10
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in animals?

A

A cleavage furrow forms from the pull of actin and myosin microfilaments

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11
Q

What cells undergo mitosis?

A

Single-celled organisms for asexual reproduction, a fertilized egg cell, cells in our body (to make more of the same cell, to repair damaged cells)

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12
Q

Develop when a cell undergoes transformation and evades detection
-May have an unusual number of chromosomes
-Lose attachment to neighboring cells
Stimulates blood vessel growth towards tumor

A

Cancer Cells

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13
Q

A few cells may separate and enter blood vessels, causing cancer somewhere else

A

Metastasis

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14
Q

Cannot spread beyond original tissue

A

Benign Tumors

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15
Q

Can spread to new tissues

A

Malignant Tumors

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16
Q

Damages DNA

-Affects cancer cells more than regular cells, presumably cancer cells have lost their DNA repair mechanisms

A

Radiation

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17
Q

Interfere with the cell cycle of cells–not just cancer cells

  • Results in hair loss from effects on hair follicle cells
  • Affects susceptibility to infection from effects on immune system
A

Chemotherapy Drugs

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18
Q

Since prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, they go through a method of asexual reproduction by “division in half,” does not involve mitosis

A

Binary Fission

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19
Q

Unregulated cell growth

A

Cancer

20
Q

Division of cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

21
Q

Replication of DNA

A

S phase

22
Q

Nuclear division (nucleus dividing)

A

Mitosis

23
Q

Preparation for cell division

A

G2 phase

24
Q

Normal cell operations and cell growth

A

G1 phase

25
Q

2 copies of every gene, cell has homologous pairs of chromosomes

A

Diploid

26
Q

1 copy of every gene, cell has single chromatids or sister chromatids; no homologous pairs

A

Haploid

27
Q

A region of the chromosomal DNA where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid

A

Centromere

28
Q

Pair of separate DNA strands that carry genes for same traits, not attached physically

A

Homologous pairs

29
Q

Joined copies of the original chromosome

A

Sister chromatids

30
Q

One unit of condensed chromatin

A

Chromatid

31
Q

DNA and proteins that are coiled together

A

Chromatin

32
Q

Duplicated homologous chromosomes pair and exchange segments

A

Prophase 1

33
Q

Homologous pairs line up

A

Metaphase 1

34
Q

Homologous chromosomes sort independently/randomly with respect to other chromosomes, occurs during metaphase 1

A

Independent Assortment

35
Q

When is the rule of independent assortment broken?

A

When chromosomes are near each other on the same chromatid

36
Q

Homlogous pairs separate

A

Anaphase 1

37
Q

2 haploid cells form; each chromosome still consists of 2 sister chromatids

A

Telophase 1

38
Q

A spindle apparatus forms

A

Prophase 2

39
Q

Sister chromatids line up

A

Metaphase 2

40
Q

Sister chromatids separate

A

Anaphase 2

41
Q

Haploid cells are forming, nuclei form, chromosomes begin decondensing and cytokinesis occurs

A

Telophase 2

42
Q

Results in 4 haploid daughter cells, daughter cells not identical, typically develop into egg and sperm

A

Meiosis

43
Q

Tips of homologous pairs of chromosomes are exchanged, occurs during prophase 1, results in greater diversity among daughter cells and offspring

A

Crossing Over

44
Q

What are 3 ways daughter cells produced by meiosis can be different from each other?

A
  1. Independent assortment
  2. Crossing over
  3. Mutation
45
Q

When cells stop dividing when they come into contact with one another

A

Density Dependence Inhibition

46
Q

Animal cells must be attached to something in order to divide

A

Anchorage Dependence

47
Q

What would happen if sexual reproduction occurred without meiosis?

A

There would be too much DNA in the cell

Biology 1113 (8 decks)

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