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Biology 1113 > exam 1 (ch 1, 3, 5) > Flashcards

exam 1 (ch 1, 3, 5) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

New properties arise at each level of organization, the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

A

Emergent Properties

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2
Q

All life on Earth in all the place that life exists

A

Biosphere

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3
Q

Living and non-living components of an area

A

Ecosystem

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4
Q

All species in an area (plants, animals, decomposers, etc…)

A

Community

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5
Q

All the living organisms of one species in a particular area

A

Population

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6
Q

One organism

A

Individual

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7
Q

What is the hierarchy of life?

A

atoms>molecules>organelles>cells>tissues>organs>organ system>individual organism

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8
Q

All cells use this to code their genetic information (carries the genetic information), a double helix (a long, twisted molecule consisting of two chains of nucleotides), All living things have the same 4 types of nucleotides- same sequences of nucleotides code for all the proteins of all organisms

A

DNA

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9
Q

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types have what 3 things?

A

cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes

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10
Q

Prokaryotic, small cells, circular DNA, no nucleus

A

Domain Archaea and Bacteria

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11
Q

Eukaryotic, large cells/multicellular, DNA in strands, has a nucleus

A

Domain Eukarya

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12
Q

Organisms adapted to their environments over many generations

A

Diversity of Life

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13
Q

All life comes from a single source (or a small number of sources)

A

Unity of Life

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14
Q

DNA codes for what?

A

Proteins

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15
Q

All cells are enclosed by ?? that regulates what enters and exits the cell

A

Membrane

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16
Q
  1. All living things are made up of cells
  2. The cell is structural and functional unit of all living things
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division (spontaneous generation does not occur)
  4. Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during division
  5. All energy flow occurs within cells
  6. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition
A

Cell Theory

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17
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Grows
  2. Reproduces
  3. Responds to its environment
  4. Responds to its internal environment
  5. Has DNA
  6. Is composed of cells
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18
Q

Shares one pair of electrons

A

Single Covalent Bonds

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19
Q

Sharing of electrons; strong, can be polar or nonpolar

A

Covalent Bonds

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20
Q

Shares two pairs of electrons

A

Double Covalent Bonds

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21
Q

Transfers electrons; electrical attraction between opposite charges, strong

A

Ionic Bonds

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22
Q

An atom that has gained or lost electrons

A

Ion

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23
Q

Hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of the polar molecule, weak

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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24
Q

Electrically neutral

A

Nonpolar

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25
Q

Has a positive and negative side

A

Polar

26
Q

The water molecules stick to each other, water has surface tension

A

Cohesion

27
Q

Sticks to certain other materials, examples: wall of plant veins, adhesive tape

A

Adhesion

28
Q

The dissolving liquid in greatest abundance in the solution, what dissolves other things

A

Solvent

29
Q

The substance that is dissolved, example: sugar when in water

A

Solute

30
Q

Dissolves polar or ionic solutes

A

Polar Solvents

31
Q

Dissolves non polar solutes

A

Nonpolar Solvents

32
Q

?? of water molecules surrounds each ion in a solution

A

Hydration Shell

33
Q

Water loving

A

Hydrophilic

34
Q

Water hating

A

Hydrophobic

35
Q

Do not dissolve in water

A

Nonpolar Substances

36
Q

What disrupts the equality of hydroxide and hydrogen ions

A

Acids and Bases

37
Q

What happens to the hydrogen concentration by accepting H ions when a strong base is dissolved in water

A

Lowers

38
Q

When a strong acid is dissolved in water, what adds more ions and disrupts the equality

A

Hydrogen

39
Q

Measures the H+ ion concentration in solution, measures the acidity in the solution

A

pH

40
Q

pH=7

A

neutral

41
Q

pH= below 7

A

acidic

42
Q

pH= above 7

A

basic

43
Q

Occurs when blood pH <7.35 (normal pH=4)

A

Acidosis

44
Q

Chemicals that can regulate pH change by taking up or adding H+ ions as needed; weak acids/bases

A

Buffers

45
Q

Buffers soak up excess ?? in acidic conditions and donate ?? in basic solutions

A

hydrogen, hydrogen

46
Q

Chemical energy in cells; energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond; replenished by oxidation of food fuels

A

Adenine Triphosphate (ATP)

47
Q

Cytosine>guanine (and vice versa)
Adenine>uracil
thymine>adenine

A

DNA>RNA

48
Q

Cytosine> Guanine, Adenine>Thymine

A

DNA>DNA

49
Q

A single-stranded nucleic acid; the bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil (u replaces t); the sugar is ribose

A

RNA

50
Q

A segment of a DNA molecule

A

Gene

51
Q

Double stranded, sugar is deoxyribose, hydrogen bonds hold the base pairs, a>g, c>t, found in nucleus, strands are antiparallel

A

DNA

52
Q

What is the polymer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic Acids

53
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

54
Q

Carries out genetic information; DNA and RNA; 5 carbon sugar (ribose/deoxyribose) phosphate group; nitrogen containing bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine); DNA>RNA>Protein

A

Nucleic Acids

55
Q
  1. Catalyze/speed up reactions
  2. Movement
  3. Defense- antibodies and clotting proteins
  4. Structural- part of cell membrane
  5. Receptor proteins- molecule identification
  6. Energy storage- storage of amino acids
  7. Signals- hormones (coordination of organism’s hormones)
A

Functions of Proteins

56
Q

Change in secondary, tertiary, or quarternary structure (primary structure unchanged)

  • Reversible unfolding of proteins due to drops in pH and/or increased temperature
  • Irreversibly denatured proteins cannot refold and are formed by extreme pH or extreme temperature changes
A

Protein Denaturation

57
Q

Assist proteins in folding into proper shape by keeping them in a proper chemical environment

A

Chaperonin Proteins

58
Q

Occurs in proteins formed of 2 or more peptide solutions

A

Quarternary Structure

59
Q

Interactions between the hydrophobic side chains

A

Van der Waals

60
Q

Hydrophobic side groups are sequestered on the interior of the molecule

A

Hydrophobic Interactions

61
Q

Stabilized by interactions between the R groups and between the R groups and water

A

Tertiary Structure

62
Q

The order of amino acids

A

Primary Structure

Biology 1113 (8 decks)

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