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Biology 1113 > exam 4 (ch 19-21) > Flashcards

exam 4 (ch 19-21) Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Makes copies of DNA
  • Can copy DNA when the original source is limited or impure
  • Selective of specific sequences
A

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

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2
Q
  • Allows us to separate molecules of various sizes
  • DNA can move between the gel molecules
  • *Electrical current is used to move molecules
  • *Smaller molecules are carried further
  • DNA forms distinct bands that can be cut out and sequenced
A

Gel Electrophoresis

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3
Q
  • Instead of relying on chain termination, the single template strand is immobilized and electronic sensors can tell which nucleotide (C, T, A, or G) is added to the strand
  • Allows for faster and cheaper processing
  • What do we do with the sequences?
  • *Compare species’ characteristics
  • *Look for mutations that lead to disease
A

DNA Sequencing

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4
Q

Genetically identical descendants of a cell or animal

A

Clones

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5
Q

DNA from 2 different sources (often different sources)

A

Recombinant DNA

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6
Q

Contain DNA that might be necessary in certain environments, but are not necessary for the normal functioning of bacteria

A

Plasmids

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7
Q
  • Conducted in vivo (in life)
  • Should use when you want proteins or recombinant DNA
  • Positives: obtain proteins, large quantities
  • Negatives: must start with high-quality DNA, difficult with mammals
A

Cloning

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8
Q
  • Conducted in vitro (in a test tube)
  • Should be used when you want specific sequence of DNA
  • Positives: Amplifies small fragments of DNA, more selective
A

PCR

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9
Q

Using fluorescent dyes to see where genes are expressed

A

in situ Hybridization

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10
Q

Genome-wide expression studied using DNA ???

A

microarrays

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11
Q
  • Useful because it examines a large number of genes from a small tissue sample
  • Examines mRNA
  • Detects presence (yes/no) and intensity
  • Screens 1000s of genes at a time
  • Developed using knowledge of the genome
  • *Look for start codons to identify genes
  • *Determines function of the gene
A

Microarrays

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12
Q

A plate that contains DNA

A

Array

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13
Q

Pros: new technology
Cons: Expensive, requires prior knowledge of the genome, results may be hard to interpret (don’t know the functions of all the genes)

A

Microarrays

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14
Q

Unspecialized cells that can both reproduce itself indefinitely or differentiate into specialized cells

A

Stem Cells

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15
Q

Stem cells from embryos

  • Can divide indefinitely
  • Pluripotent-can differentiate into a wide variety of cells
A

Embryonic Stem Cells

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16
Q

Stem cells from adults

-Can only give rise to a few different varieties of cells

A

Adult Stem Cells

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17
Q
  • In 2007, obtained from skin cells
  • Researchers introduced 4 ‘stem cell’ master regulatory genes
  • Not exactly the same as embryonic stem cells
  • May be useful to use to treat patients >they won’t reject their own cells
  • May be useful to obtain cell cultures to study disease
A

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)

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18
Q
  • Introducing genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes
  • Works best if genetic disease is caused by a single, mutant gene
  • Is a ‘forever fix’ only if treated cells multiply throughout the patient’s life
  • Examples: LCA2, SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency), liver therapy
A

Gene Therapy

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19
Q

Many technical issues
-How can the activity of the transferred gene be controlled?
-How can we be sure that the insertions of the therapeutic gene doesn’t harm some other necessary cell function?
Many ethical issues
-‘Tampering’ with human genes
-Should we be manipulating genes in human germ lines (egg&sperm)?

A

Gene Therapy

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20
Q
  • DNA testing can identify guilty or innocent individuals from blood, semen, or tissue left at crime scenes
  • *Cannot tell identical twins apart
  • Identify the victim of a crime
  • *After the attack in 2001, 10,000 samples of victims were tested and 3,000 were identified
A

Forensic Evidence

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21
Q

Genetically modified organisms

  • Most are crops: corn, soybeans, canola
  • Widespread in US, Argentina, Brazil
  • 80% of the world’s average devoted to crops
  • Not accepted in Europe
  • *Fear that crops will pass their genes to close relatives… ‘super weeds’ may arise
  • *Protein products may lead to allergic reactions
A

GMOs

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22
Q

The application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data

A

Bioinformatics

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23
Q

The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions

A

Genomics

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24
Q

The study of whole sets of proteins

A

Proteomics

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25
Q
  • Smaller 1-6 Mb
  • Fewer genes
  • Higher gene density
A

Prokaryotic Genomes

26
Q
  • Larger 12-3000 Mb
  • More genes
  • Lower gene density
A

Eukaryotic Genomes

27
Q

With eukaryotes, there is a lot of ?? in genome size and variation

A

variation

28
Q

Makes RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, miRNA)

A

Coding Regions

29
Q

Does not make RNA

  • Used to be called ‘junk DNA’
  • 500 regions are identical in humans, rats, and mice; suggests it has an important function
  • Function is still largely unknown
A

Noncoding Regions

30
Q

Characteristics of plant viruses?

A

RNA genome, Helical capsid

31
Q

Symptoms of viral infections in plants?

A

Bleaching, brown spots, stunted growth

32
Q

Research about the basic functioning and expression of genes and proteins

A

Basic Research

33
Q

Research that solves a problem

A

Applied Research

34
Q

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

A

Genetic Engineering

35
Q

Evolutionary developmental biology, compares developmental processes of different multicellular organisms

A

Evo-Devo

36
Q
  • Consists of genetic information and a protein coat
  • Latin for ‘poison’ (causes a variety of diseases)
  • Cannot reproduce without a host cell
  • Much smaller than both bacteria and a cell
A

Virus

37
Q

Used to classify viruses

  • DNA or RNA
  • Single-stranded or double-stranded
  • Linear or circular
  • 4-1000 genes
A

Genetic Material

38
Q

Protein shell

  • Comes in many shapes
  • May also have viral envelopes (derived from host membrane, has host’s proteins)
A

Capsids

39
Q

Culminates in the death (lysis) of the host cell and release of new viruses

New phage DNA & proteins are synthesizes & assembled into phages>the cell lyses, releasing phages>the phage injects its DNA> phage DNA circularizes

A

Lytic Cycle

40
Q

Viral DNA is replicated without killing host cell

Phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome, becoming a prophage>the bacterium reproduces, copying the prophage & transmitting it to daughter cells>cell division produces a population of bacteria infected with the prophage>daughter cells with prophage>phage DNA circularizes

A

Lysogenic Cycle

41
Q

Why haven’t viruses been eliminated?

A

The viruses mutate at a high level; receptors that are used in viruses, humans also use for survival

42
Q

A harmless variant of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen
-Available to combat: smallpox, mumps, HPV, hepatitis B

A

Vaccines

43
Q

Cannot be used to treat viruses, only treats bacteria infections

A

Antibiotics

44
Q

Interferes with viral nucleic acid synthesis or the assembly of viruses

A

Antiviral Drugs

45
Q

A virus that suddenly becomes apparent

A

Emergent Virus

46
Q

A general outbreak of a disease (localized to 1 area)

A

Epidemic

47
Q

A global outbreak (more than 1 continent)

A

Pandemic

48
Q

Transmitted via air/sneezing

A

H1N1 Influenza

49
Q

Transmitted via physical contact

A

Zika & Ebola

50
Q

RNA viruses have a high rate of mutation, influenza

A

Mutation of existing viruses

51
Q

Dissemination increases if virus can be transferred human to human, Zika

A

Dissemination from a small, isolated human population

52
Q

Ebola

A

Spread of existing viruses from animals to humans

53
Q

What is a characteristic of the lytic cycle?

A

A large number of phages is released at a time

54
Q

What property of life is shared by eukaryotes and prokaryotes, but not viruses?

A

The ability to process energy through metabolic reactions

55
Q

Why was influenza pandemic, but zika and ebola epidemic?

A

Influenza can be spread in the air, so it can be spread over a greater area

56
Q

Plant is infected by an external source, generally via open wounds caused by wind, injury, or herbivores (insects)

A

Horizontal Transmission

57
Q

Viral infection passed from parent plant to offspring (via both asexual and sexual reproduction)

A

Vertical Transmission

58
Q

Transplanting nucleus from one cell to another

A

Nuclear Transplantation

59
Q

Heat briefly to separate DNA strands

A

Denaturing

60
Q

Cool to allow primers to form hydrogen bonds with end of target sequence

A

Annealing

61
Q

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of each primer

A

Extension

Biology 1113 (8 decks)

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