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Biology 1113 > Exam 2 (chapter 8, 16) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (chapter 8, 16) Flashcards

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1
Q

A metabolic pathway is halted by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway

A

Feedback Inhibition

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2
Q

Alters an enzyme’s function by changing it’s shape

A

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

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3
Q

Takes the place of a substrate in the active site

A

Competitive Inhibitor

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4
Q

Addition of a phosphorus

A

Phosphorylation

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5
Q

Some are organic ions (vitamins)

A

Coenzymes

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6
Q

Some are inorganic ions (zinc, copper, iron)

A

Cofactors

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7
Q

What denatures an enzyme?

A

Changes in salt concentration, temperature, and pH

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8
Q

A very specific place on the enzyme where the reactants bind

A

Active Site

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9
Q
  • Lower activation energy
  • Mostly proteins, highly specific for certain molecules
  • Speed up reactions
  • Do not affect energetic differences between reactants and products
  • Not used up or altered by reaction
  • Does not change the chemical relationship between reactants and products
A

Enzymes

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10
Q

The energy required to initiate a reaction

A

Activation Energy

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11
Q

Using the energy released in exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic reactions

A

Energy Coupling

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12
Q

Absorbs energy, products rich in potential energy

A

Endergonic Reactions

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13
Q

Releases energy, products have less potential energy

A

Exergonic Reactions

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14
Q

Beating of cilia and flagella, movement of an entire cell, contraction of muscle

A

Mechanical Work

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15
Q

Moving substances “uphill” across a membrane, from low to high concentration

A

Transport Work

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16
Q

Building of polymers to monomers

A

Chemical Work

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17
Q

Stored energy (electrical gradient, energy stored in bonds)

A

Potential Energy

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18
Q

Energy that is actually doing work, motion

A

Kinetic Energy

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19
Q

The entropy (degree of disorder) is always increasing

  • Energy is lost when it is transformed from one form to another
  • Energy is generally lost as heat
A

Second Law of Thermodynamics

20
Q

The total amount of energy in the universe is constant

  • Energy cannot be destroyed or created, it can only be changed from one form to another
  • Energy from life comes from the sun (Plants convert light energy to chemical energy via photosynthesis)
A

First Law of Thermodynamics

21
Q

The capacity to do work

*All organisms required it to stay alive

A

Energy

22
Q

The total of all the chemical reactions that take place in a multicellular organism

A

Metabolism

23
Q

Showed that killed pathogenic bacteria could transfer virulence to non-pathogenic bacteria; This newly acquired trait of pathogenicity was inherited by all the descendants of the transformed bacteria

A

Frederick Griffith (1928)

24
Q

Identified the transforming substance as DNA

A

Avery, McCarty, MacLoed (1944)

25
Q

Concluded that DNA was injected by the phage must be the molecule carrying the genetic information that makes the cells produce new viral DNA and proteins
*Provided powerful evidence that nucleic acids, rather than proteins, are the hereditary material, at least for certain viruses

A

Hershey and Chase (1952)

26
Q

Chargaff’s Rules: A=T, C=G

A

Erwin Chargaff (1950)

27
Q

Made an x-ray diffraction photograph of DNA which showed the helical structure; Concluded that the sugar- phosphate backbone was on the outside, died in 1958

A

Rosalind Franklin (1953)

28
Q
  • Determined base pairing
  • Determined that the two strands of DNA were involved-double helix
  • Determined that the strands ran in opposite directions-antiparallel
A

Watson and Crick

29
Q

2 rings

A

Purine

30
Q

1 ring

A

Pyrimidine

31
Q

The genetic information of the cell
*Carries instructions for every protein
*Carries regulatory sequences
The order of the bases on a strand of DNA specifies the primary structure of all of the proteins the organism is capable of making
*The instructions for one protein is carried by one gene
(one gene, one polypeptide)

A

DNA

32
Q

The DNA strands separate, enzymes use each strand as a template to assemble the new strands

A

Template Model

33
Q
  • Catalyze the addition of nucleotides on the 3’ end of the growing chain of nucleotides (from 5’ to 3’ end)
  • If nucleotides pair incorrectly, it is removed and replication occurs
A

DNA Polymerase

34
Q

Synthesizes continuously, DNA replication occurs in the same direction as the replication fork

A

Leading Strands

35
Q

Has fragments going in the opposite direction

A

Lagging Strands

36
Q

Where split is occurring

A

Replication Fork

37
Q

The daughter strands are ?? to the parent molecule

A

Identical

38
Q

Breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary pairs (unzips DNA)

A

Helicase

39
Q

Adds a RNA primer to initiate replication

A

Primase

40
Q

Adds nucleotides after RNA primer

A

DNA Polymerase III

41
Q

Removes RNA primer

A

DNA Polymerase I

42
Q

Joins okazaki fragments

A

DNA Ligase

43
Q

Helps with the untwisting of DNA

A

Topoisomerase

44
Q

Binds to single strands to keep them from rejoining

A

Single Strand Binding Protein

45
Q

Cuts out bad DNA segments

A

Nuclease

46
Q

If a segment of DNA is able to replicate, it must include ??

A

at least one origin of replication

Biology 1113 (8 decks)

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