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Biology 1113 > exam 5 (chapter 6,7) > Flashcards

exam 5 (chapter 6,7) Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Maintains essential differences between intracellular and extracellular environment
  • Phospholipid bilayer and proteins
  • Together, the lipid bilayer and proteins are semi-permeable
A

Plasma Membrane

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2
Q

Impermeable to water soluble molecules, fluid and soft

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

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3
Q
  • Mediate passage of water-soluble molecules
  • Some function as enzymes
  • Some function as signal transducers
  • Control interactions between cells of a multicellular organism
A

Proteins

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4
Q

-Proteins may move laterally (they do not flip-flop)
-Hypothesis: Proteins from 2 different cells will mix
-Experiment: Combine mouse cell and a human cell and follow the protein ‘markers’
Results: Proteins mixed

A

Fluid-Mosaic Model

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5
Q

Fluidity of phospholipid membrane depends on what 2 things?

A

Temperature, phospholipid composition

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6
Q

a. Transport
b. Enzymatic activity
c. Signal transduction
d. Cell-Cell Recognition
e. Intercellular joining
f. Attachment of cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Functions of Membrane Proteins

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7
Q

Undergo conformation change

A

Carriers

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8
Q

Form pores across membrane, solutes pass quickly when pores are open

A

Channels

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9
Q

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

A

Simple Diffusion

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10
Q

Diffusion of water (occurs directly through the membrane or via protein channels called aquaporins)

A

Osmosis

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11
Q

Move concentration gradients across the membrane

  • Na+-K+ ATPase (sodium potassium pump)
  • H+ pumps (proton pump)
A

Ion Pumps

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12
Q

Transport out of a cell

A

Exocytosis

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13
Q

Transport into a cell

A

Endocytosis

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14
Q

A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances

A

Solution

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15
Q

The dissolving agent or the liquid in greatest abundance in the solution (example: water)

A

Solvent

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16
Q

The substance being dissolved

A

Solute

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17
Q

Water moves out of the cell

-The surrounding solution has greater amount of solutes

A

Hypertonic Solution

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18
Q

Water moves into the cell

-The surround solution has a lower amount of solutes

A

Hypotonic Solution

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19
Q

There is no movement of water

-The surrounding solution has an equal concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell

A

Isotonic Solution

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20
Q

The smallest structure alive

  • Regulate their internal environment
  • Gives rise to new ones
  • Produce movement
  • Take in energy and release waste products
A

Cell

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21
Q

Regulates flow of molecules into and out of the cell, surrounds all cells

A

Plasma Membrane

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22
Q

Fluid inside cell

A

Cytosol

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23
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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24
Q

Has a unique set of chemicals (pH, enzymes, other proteins), different metabolic function

A

Organelles

25
Q
  • Contains genetic material (DNA)
  • Components:
    1. nucleolus
    2. nuclear membrane
    3. chromatin
A

Nucleus

26
Q

Site of ribosome production

A

Nucleolus

27
Q

The complex and DNA and associated proteins

A

Chromatin

28
Q

When a cell gets ready to divide, the chromatin coils tightly

A

Chromosome

29
Q

Covered with ribosomes, functions in protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

30
Q

Functions in lipid metabolism, synthesis of cholesterol and steroid hormones

A

Smooth ER

31
Q

Vesicles transport proteins to golgi

A

Transitional ER

32
Q
  • Modifies proteins and lipids from ER
  • Sorts proteins and lipids for final destinations
  • Packages and exports proteins and lipids in vesicles
  • In plant cells, manufactures polysaccharides
A

Golgi Apparatus

33
Q
  • Controlled intracellular digestion of macromolecules
  • pH=5
  • Only found in animal cells
A

Lysosomes

34
Q

Stores water, only found in plant cells

A

Vacuole

35
Q
  • Energy factories
  • Site of cellular respiration (turns glucose into ATP)
  • Number in a cell correlates with cell’s energy demand
  • Has its own DNA
  • Found in plant and animal cells
  • Maternally inherited in humans
A

Mitochondria

36
Q

Evolutionary origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Evidence:
-Own genome ribosomes
-2 membranes
-Arise only by growth and division of existing mitochondria or chloroplasts
-Division not timed with nuclear division

A

Endosymbiont Theory

37
Q

Some ?? have specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions
-Are usually unfolding of the plasma membrane

A

prokaryotes

38
Q

= colored form
Example: orange of carrots, red of tomatoes, red of peppers
Can see when chlorophyll exits the leaves of trees in fall

A

Chromoplast

39
Q

=green form

A

Chloroplast

40
Q

=white form

example: holds starch in potatoes

A

Leucoplast

41
Q
  • Produces hydrogen peroxide as a biproduct
  • Breaks down fatty acids, alcohol
  • Found in plant and animal cells
A

Peroxisome

42
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming, cell division (cleavage furrow formation)

A

Microfilaments

43
Q

Maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing elements), anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles

A

Intermediate Filaments

44
Q

Chromosome movements in cell division, cell motility (as in cilia or flagella), organelle movement

A

Microtubules

45
Q

Located in the centrosome, only in animal cells, microtubule-organizing center
-When the cell divides, fibers help move the chromosomes into the new cells

A

Centrioles

46
Q
  1. Protects the cells
  2. Provides shape
  3. Prevents uptake of excess water
  4. Holds the plant up against gravity
    - Composed of cellulose
    - Some protists, fungi, and prokaryotes also have them of different construction
    - Only found in plant cells
A

Cell Wall

47
Q

Connect the cytosol of adjacent cells

A

Plasmodesmata

48
Q

Make a waterproof seal
Example: skin, intestines
Only in animal cells

A

Tight Junctions

49
Q

Forms tissues, only in animal cells

A

Desmosome

50
Q

Similar to plasmodesmata in plants (communication between cells), only in animal cells

A

Gap Junctions

51
Q

What is structure is found in all cells?

A

ribosomes

52
Q

Flow of lipids and membranes

  • Nuclear envelope
  • ER
  • golgi
  • lysosomes
  • vesicles
  • vacuoles
A

Endomembrane System

53
Q
  • Regulation of water inside a cell
  • Organsims that live in a hypertonic or hypotonic environment must have ways to control solute concentrations and water balance
  • Contractile vacuoles moves water out of cell
A

Osmoregulation

54
Q

Description of cell structure and function?

A

Plant and animal cells carry out cellular respiration, producing ATP

55
Q

Fluid or air-filled cavity or sac

A

Vesicle

56
Q

The movement of a substance from high to low concentration

A

Diffusion

57
Q

The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient

A

Active Transport

58
Q

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy

A

Passive Transport

59
Q

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

A

Tonicity

Biology 1113 (8 decks)

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