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PT 701-Anatomy > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

scalp layers

A
  1. skin
  2. connective tissue
  3. aponeurosis
  4. loose connective tissue
  5. pericranium
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2
Q

scalp muscles attach to:

A

aponeurosis on either end

  • frontalis
  • occipitalis
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3
Q

CN V

A
  • trigeminal
    1. opthalmic
    2. maxillary
    3. mandibular
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4
Q

scalp is innervated by:

A 
-trigeminal nerve
Dorsal rami:
-suboccipital C1
-greater occipital C2
-least occipital C3
Ventral rami:
-no named/direct branch
-lesser occipital C2/3
-great auricular and transverse cervical C2/3
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5
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A
  • compression of trigeminal nerve root
  • hyperexcitability over select trigger zones (face, lips, tongue)
  • sharp electric shock for few seconds to minutes
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6
Q

which scalp layer is vasculature located in:

A

connective tissue; layer 2

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7
Q

danger area for scalp infections

A
  • layer 4; loose connective tissue

- passes easily into cranial cavity via veins

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8
Q

nerve supply of dura mater

A

*CN V all branches of trigeminal
-CN XII hypoglossal
-CN X vagus
*C1-C3 dorsal rami
C1-C2 ventral rami

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9
Q

blood supply to dura mater

A

middle menigeal artery

-arises from maxillary artery which arises from external carotid a.

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10
Q

sub-arachnoid space contains:

A
  • CSF

- cerebral vasculature

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11
Q

falx cerebrum

A
  • separates cerebral hemispheres

- attached anteriorly to cristae galli and fused posteriorly with horizontal dural fold (tentorium cerebelli)

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12
Q

falx cerebelli

A

seperates cerebellar hemispheres

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13
Q

occipital sinus lies in:

A

attached margin of falx cerebelli

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14
Q

straight sinus lies:

A

at the fusion of falx cerebrum and tentorium cerebelli

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15
Q

inferior sagittal sinus lies

A

in the free edge of the falx cerebrum

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16
Q

superior sagittal sinus lies

A

in attached margin of falx cerebrum

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17
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

-forms horizontal shelf that supports overlying cerebral hemispheres from crushing underlying cerebellar hemispheres

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18
Q

left and right transverse sinuses lie:

A

in the attached edges of the tentorium cerebelli

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19
Q

diaphragma sellae

A
  • dural fold stretched across the sella turcica

- attached to anterior and posterior clinoid processes

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20
Q

functions of CSF

A
  • buoyance
  • protection
  • chemical stability
  • prevent brain ischemia
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21
Q

CSF is made of

A

plasma
protein
glucose

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22
Q

lateral ventricles connect to the 3rd ventricle by

A

foramen of monro

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23
Q

structures that go through the optic canal:

A
  1. optic nerve

2. opthalmic artery

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24
Q

structures that go through the superior orbital fissure

A
  1. superior ophthalmic vein
  2. lacrimal nerve
  3. frontal nerve
    4 trochlear nerve
    5 abducens nerve
  4. oculomotor nerve
  5. nasociliary nerve
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25
Q

structures that go through the foramen rotundum

A

maxillary nerve CN V (2)

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26
Q

structures that go through the foramen ovale

A
  1. mandibular nerve (CN V-3)

2. lesser petrosal nerve

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27
Q

structures that go through the carotid canal

A
  1. internal carotid artery

2. internal carotoid sympathetic plexus

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28
Q

structures that go through the foramen spinosum

A
  1. middle meningeal artery

2. meningeal branch of CN V mandibular nerve branch

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29
Q

structures that go through the internal acoustic meatus

A
  1. vestibulocochlear nerve
  2. facial nerve
  3. labyrinthine artery and vein
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30
Q

structures that go through the jugular foramen

A
  1. internal jugular vein
  2. glossopharyngeal nerve
  3. vagus nerve
  4. accessory nerve
  5. inferior petrosal sinus
  6. posterior meningeal artery
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31
Q

structures that go through the foramen magnum

A
  1. spinal vein
  2. anterior spinal artery
  3. posterior spinal artery
  4. spinal cord
  5. accessory nerve
  6. vertebral artery
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32
Q

structures that go through the mastoid foramen

A

emissary vein

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33
Q

structures that go through the stylomastoid foramen

A
  1. facial nerve

2. stylomastoid artery

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34
Q

epidural hematoma

A

-middle menigeal artery

-

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35
Q

subdural hematoma

A
  • bridging veins

- between meningeal dura and arachnoid mater

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36
Q

most deadly hematoma

A

subdural hematoma

60-80% fatal

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37
Q

subarachnoid hematoma

A
  • anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries

- in subarachnoid space rupture

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38
Q

two main sources of blood to the brain

A
  • vertebral artery
  • internal carotid artery
  • external carotid artery
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39
Q

CSF flow

A
  1. secreted by choroid plexus
  2. lateral ventrical
  3. interventricular foramen of Monro
  4. 3rd ventricle
  5. cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
  6. 4th ventricle
  7. central canal of spinal cord through foramina of luschka or foreman of magendie
  8. through the subarachnoid space
  9. exits ventricular system by arachnoid granulations
  10. enters venous circulation via superior sagittal sinus
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40
Q

spinal cord ends at vertebral level

A

L2

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41
Q

superior petrosal sinus goes to:

A

junction of transverse and sigmoid sinus

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42
Q

inferior petrosal sinus goes to:

A

junction of sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein

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43
Q

frontal lobe function

A

motor

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44
Q

parietal lobe function

A

somatosensory

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45
Q

thalamus

A
  • relay center for movement and sensory info
  • conveys sensory info to cerebral cortex
  • borders 3rd ventricle
46
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • controls ANS
  • controls hunger, thirst, emotions, temperature, circadian rhythms
  • controls pituitary gland by secreting hormones
  • associated with fever
47
Q

epithalamus

A

connection between the limbic system to other parts of the brain

48
Q

midbrain

A
  • relay station for auditory and visual info
  • controls eye mobement
  • motor initiation
49
Q

substantia nigra

A
  • degeneration of neurons in the midbrain

- associated with Parkinson’s disease

50
Q

pons

A

-helps coordinate movement on each side of the body

51
Q

medulla

A

-controls autonomic functions such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure

52
Q

what CN on the midbrain?

A

CN III and IV

53
Q

what CN on the pons

A

CN V, VI, VII

-part of VIII

54
Q

What CN on the medulla

A

-part of CN VIII, -all of IX, X, XI, XII

55
Q

cerebellum

A
  • receives info from balance system, sensory and auditory and visual
  • involved in coordination of motor movements
  • basic facets of memory and learning
56
Q

berry aneurysm

A

-on the anterior communicating artery of the brain

57
Q

pia mater extensions

A
  • covers spinal cord
  • extends off attaching to dura forming denticulate ligaments
  • anchors SC to coccyx by filum terminale
58
Q

epidural space filled with:

A
  • fat
  • loose connective tissue
  • extensive venous anastomosis
59
Q

reticular formation connects the:

A

brain stem
crebellum
cerebrum
-helps control sleep and attention

60
Q

flacid is associated with

A

lower motor neuron issue

61
Q

spastic is associated with

A

upper motor neuron issue

62
Q

preganglionic parasympathetic fibers reach their target ganglia via:

A

branches of CN
III
VII
IX

63
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic fibers reach their end organs by:

A

hitch-hiking along branches of CN V

64
Q

preganglionic sympathetic fibers arise in:

65
Q

postganglionic sympathetic fibers arise from:

A
  • superior cervical ganlion

- reach target organs via branches of the internal/external carotid artery

66
Q

CN I

A
  • olfactory nerve
  • SVA
  • purely special sensory for smell
67
Q

crossing of fields in optic chiasm:

A
  • medial retinal fields cross

- lateral retinal fields remain on the same side

68
Q

bitemporal hemianopia

A
  • loss of lateral vision

- lesion at optic chiasm

69
Q

monocular loss

A
  • lesion at optic nerve

- loss of vision in that eye

70
Q

homonymous quadrantoanopia

A
  • lesion at optic tract

- loss of vision on same side of each eye

71
Q

CN III

A
  • oculomotor nerve

- somatic motor and parasympathetic (visceral motor)

72
Q

CN IV

A

trochlear

  • somatic motor
  • superior oblique muscle
  • arises from dorsal aspect of midbrain
73
Q

most commonly affected CN

A

IV trochlear lesion

  • typically due to trauma
  • longest coursing cranial nerve
  • eye deviates upward and inward since unopposed by superior oblique
74
Q

branches of V1

A
  1. Lacrimal nerve (lacrimal gland, skin of upper eyelid)
  2. frontal nerve
    - supratrochlear n
    - supraorbital n
  3. nasociliar nerve
    - innervates nasal mucosa, ethmoidal and sphenoid sinuses
75
Q

functional group of V3

A

mixed
GSA
SVE

76
Q

branches of V2

A

maxillary:

  1. zygomatic
  2. infraorbital
  3. superior alveolar
  4. nasopalatine
  5. greater palatine
  6. lesser palatine
77
Q

motor innervation from V3:

A 
oral floor:
-mylohyoid
-anterior digastric
mastication:
-temporalis
-masseter
-medial pterygoid
-lateral pterygoid
soft palate:
-tensor veli paltini
-tensor tympani
78
Q

main branches of V3

A
  1. auriculotemporal
    -sensory to external ear, parotid and superficial temporal regions
  2. lingual nerve
    -sensory to mucous membrane of anterior 2/3 tongue
    -floor of the
    mouth and mandibular gums
    -taste of anterior 2/3 via facial nerve through chorda tympani
  3. inferior alveolar nerve
    -motor to mylohyoid
    -sensory to lower teeth and gums
79
Q

what muscles open the pharyngotympanic tube

A
  1. tensor veli palati
  2. levator veli palati
  3. salpingopharyngeus
80
Q

bones that make up the orbit

A
  1. frontal
  2. zygomatic
  3. maxilla
  4. lacrimal
  5. ethmoid
  6. sphenoid
  7. palatine
81
Q

part of the larynx that forms a complete ring around airway:

A

cricoid cartilage

82
Q

cricothyroid

A
  • extrinsic
  • elongates vocal ligaments
  • only one that tigthens vocal folds
  • increases pitch of voice
83
Q

posterior cricoarytenoids

A
  • abducts vocal folds
  • opens rima glottidis
  • heavy breathing
84
Q

lateral cricoarytenoids

A
  • adducts vocal folds
  • vocal ligaments come together
  • closes rima glottidis
  • cuases whisper
85
Q

thyroarytenoids

A
  • adducts vocal folds
  • slackens vocal ligaments and folds
  • causes deeper pitch
  • fine tonal control
86
Q

oblique arytenoids

A
  • crisscross on arytenoid
  • adducts arytenoids
  • allows voice production
  • sphincter to close larynx when we cough/swallow
87
Q

transverse arytenoid

A

single unpaired muscle

  • adducts arytenoids
  • allows sound production
  • eliminates posterior opening between arytenoids
88
Q

opening of the pharyngotympanic tube:

A

-swallowing: equalizes pressure between auditory canal and pharynx

89
Q

cochlea contains:

A
  • blood vessels

- branches of cochlear nerve

90
Q

vestibule contains:

A

-utricle
-saccule
-endolympatic duct
2 small blood vessels

91
Q

semicircular canals contain:

A

-semicircular ducts

92
Q

internal ear contents:

A
  • choclea
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
93
Q

conjunctiva:

A
  • palpebral: mucous membrane covering internal surface of eyelid
  • bulbar: portion reflected onto eyeball
94
Q

dense bands of connective tissue that form skeleton of eyelid:

A

superior and inferior tarsi

95
Q

tarsal glands:

A

secrete lipid marterial that lubricates edge of eyelids and barrier to lacrimal fluid

96
Q

nerve supply to the lacrimal gland:

A
  • parasympathetic CN VII pterygopalatine ganglion

- sympathetic from superior cervical ganglion

97
Q

layers of the eye:

A
  1. fibrous
    - cornea
    - sclera
  2. vascular
    - choroid
    - ciliary body
    - iris
  3. inner
    - retina
    - fundus (optic disk, macula lutea)
98
Q

hiatus semilunaris region drains:

A
  • frontal sinus
  • anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells
  • maxillary sinus
  • is under the middle turbinate
99
Q

sphenoethmoidal recess drains:

A

sphenoid sinus
posterior ethmoidal air cells
-under superior turbinate

100
Q

nasolacrimal duct runs:

A

under the inferior turbinate

101
Q

folds in the oral cavity:

A
  • palatoglossal fold (anterior)

- palatopharyngeal fold (posterior

102
Q

tongue intrinsics

A
  • change shape of tongue

- CN XII

103
Q

Tongue extrinsics

A

root of tongue

104
Q

innervation to the outer tympanic membrane

105
Q

innervation to inner tympanic membrane

106
Q

structures in the carotid triangle:

A
  • common carotid artery
  • internal jugular vein
  • vagus nerve
  • hypoglossal nerve
  • infrahyoids
  • thyroid
107
Q

sclera

A

tough part of eyeball on posterior 5/6 surface

-attachment area for muscles

108
Q

cornea

A

-transparent part of fibrous layer covering anterior 1/6 eyeball

109
Q

choroid

A
  • layer between sclera and retina

- majority of vascular bed of the eyeball

110
Q

ciliary body

A
  • muscular and vascular layer
  • connects choroid with the iris
  • aqueous humor
  • aqueous vitrous
111
Q

iris

A
  • thin contractile diaphragm

- sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

PT 701-Anatomy (7 decks)

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