Exam 5

Question 1

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 1

one that does not elicit a reflux response

Question 2

unconditional stimulus (US)

Answer 2

elicits a reflex response

Question 3

conditional stimulus (CS)

Answer 3

stimulus that elicits a conditional response

Question 4

unconditional response

Answer 4

a reflex response elicited by an unconditional stimulus

Question 5

conditional response

Answer 5

a response elicited by a conditional stimulus

Question 6

Delayed conditioning

Answer 6

NS is presented and overlaps with the introduction of a US. (A bell is rung until the food is brought out)

Question 7

trace conditioning

Answer 7

NS is presented, then stopped, and followed by the US after a short interval. (a bell is rung then stopped for a fixed amount of time, and then the food is brought out)

Question 8

Simultaneous conditioning

Answer 8

The NS and the US occur at the same time. (The bell is rung at the same time the food is brought out)

Question 9

backward conditioning

Answer 9

the US comes before the NS. (The food is brought out then the bell is rung)

Question 10

extinction

Answer 10

CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US. (presentation of food without a bell)

Question 11

spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

Spontaneous recovery- the reappearance of a CR to a CS following a rest period after extinction.

Question 12

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

Answer 12

• (CER) stimuli paired with positive or negative events (US) can become CSs and elicit the emotion associated with the event

Question 13

negative CER

Answer 13

involves autonomic nervous system arousal like fear anxiety and anger

Question 14

positive CER

Answer 14

love, happiness, pleasure, smells ( smells of baking elicits happy responses of relatives)

Question 15

5 factors that influence classical conditioning

Answer 15

• The nature of the NS and US
• Intensity of NS
• Contingency between the NS and US
• The number of pairings
• Previous exposure to the NS
• Temporal contiguity between the NS and the US

Question 16

progressive muscle relaxation

Answer 16

Tense and relax each muscle group in the body until a more relaxed state is achieved

Question 17

diaphragmatic breathing

Answer 17

Focus on deep, slow, rhythmic breathing to produce relaxation

Question 18

attention focusing exercises

Answer 18

Focus attention on words or images to remove attention from anxiety-producing thoughts/images

Question 19

behavior relaxation training

Answer 19

Assume relaxed postures in all parts of the body.

Question 20

systematic desensitization

Answer 20

• Gradually exposing people to their fears and teaching them to relax instead. Involves imagining, picturing, not in the actual presence of fear.

Question 21

systematic advantages and disadvantages

Answer 21

• Advantages: easier and more convenient
• Disadvantages: may not fully generalize to actual fear-producing situation

Question 22

in vivo advantages and disadvantages

Answer 22

• Advantages: Making actual contact with stimulus/desirable behavior in the presence of the feared stimulus is reinforced as an alternative behavior to escape or avoidance
• Disadvantage: more difficult, time-consuming and costly

Question 23

flooding

Answer 23

• Prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, providing a maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished
  
  • Ex. An individual who Is afraid of heights will climb to the top of a building and stay there till their anxiety subsides.

Question 24

functions of cognitive behavior

Answer 24

• A thought or image functions as a CS. (thoughts or images elicit anxiety, anger, or fear)
• A thought or image can function as an EO ( imagining a positive outcome of an action)
• A thought or image can function as an SD for another operant behavior (problem-solving, decision-making)
• A thought or image can function as a reinforcer or punisher (self-praise, self-criticism following a behavior)

Question 25

steps to cognitive restructuring

Answer 25

- Identify the distressing thoughts and the situations where they occur - Identify the emotional response, mood, or behavior that follows

Question 26

all or nothing

Answer 26

you interpret everything in terms of black and white with no shades of grey. If not perfect, it's not acceptable.

Question 27

overgeneralization

Answer 27

you take a single negative event as evidence that something is all bad or is always going to be bad

Question 28

jumping to conclusions

Answer 28

you arbitrarily jump to negative conclusions that are not supported by the facts. (mind reading, making assumptions about what people are thinking)

Question 29

personalization

Answer 29

you assume responsibility for the occurrence of negative events even when there is no evidence that you are responsible.

Question 30

goal of ACT

Answer 30

- Accept negative thoughts and feelings, not to change them.

Question 31

focus of mindfulness

Answer 31

- The present moment rather than the past, or worry about the future, or judgmental thoughts - Nonjudgmental awareness of a person’s actions and environmental events

Question 32

Differences between classical and operant conditioning

Answer 32

- Classical conditioning: involuntary consequences, stimulus is independent of the response (occurs first and elicits the response) - Operant conditioning: voluntary behaviors, the stimulus is dependent on the behavior/response. You must do something for the stimulus to occur.

Question 33

contingency between NS and the US

Answer 33

- Contingency: if neutral stimulus, then unconditional stimulus. If you only hear a bell then give food. (Has to occur together)

Question 34

temporal continuity between NS and US

Answer 34

- Temporal contiguity: timing between neutral stimulus and unconditional stimulus. The closer the timing, the faster learning will occur

Question 35

Counterconditioning

Answer 35

- It is the underlying reason for why relaxation works. We take fears and anxiety and replace them with relaxation. You cannot be both at the same time they are incompatible

Question 36

the goal of cognitive reconstruction

Answer 36

The goal of cognitive reconstructing is to replace distressing thoughts with more desirable ( rational or functional) thoughts

Question 37

Dusty air in the attic makes you cough, now when you enter the attic you cough.

Answer 37

NS- entering the attic US- dusty air CS- entering the attic UR-coughing CR-coughing

Question 38

It’s springtime and the pollen from a flower causes you to sneeze. Eventually, you sneeze every time you see a flower.

Answer 38

NS- flower US- pollen CS- flower UR- sneezing CR- sneezing

Question 39

Walking to your car after work you get mugged and physically assaulted which elicits ANS arousal. Now walking to your car in the same parking lot you experience arousal.

Answer 39

NS- walking to the car US- being assaulted CS- walking to the car UR- arousal CR- arousal

Question 40

You have a meal at a fast-food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see food from that restaurant, you feel nauseated.

Answer 40

NS- meal US- food poisoning CS- meal UR- nausea CR- nausea