Exam 5 Flashcards
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
one that does not elicit a reflux response
unconditional stimulus (US)
elicits a reflex response
conditional stimulus (CS)
stimulus that elicits a conditional response
unconditional response
a reflex response elicited by an unconditional stimulus
conditional response
a response elicited by a conditional stimulus
Delayed conditioning
NS is presented and overlaps with the introduction of a US. (A bell is rung until the food is brought out)
trace conditioning
NS is presented, then stopped, and followed by the US after a short interval. (a bell is rung then stopped for a fixed amount of time, and then the food is brought out)
Simultaneous conditioning
The NS and the US occur at the same time. (The bell is rung at the same time the food is brought out)
backward conditioning
the US comes before the NS. (The food is brought out then the bell is rung)
extinction
CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US. (presentation of food without a bell)
spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous recovery- the reappearance of a CR to a CS following a rest period after extinction.
Conditioned emotional response (CER)
- (CER) stimuli paired with positive or negative events (US) can become CSs and elicit the emotion associated with the event
negative CER
involves autonomic nervous system arousal like fear anxiety and anger
positive CER
love, happiness, pleasure, smells ( smells of baking elicits happy responses of relatives)
5 factors that influence classical conditioning
- The nature of the NS and US
- Intensity of NS
- Contingency between the NS and US
- The number of pairings
- Previous exposure to the NS
- Temporal contiguity between the NS and the US
progressive muscle relaxation
Tense and relax each muscle group in the body until a more relaxed state is achieved
diaphragmatic breathing
Focus on deep, slow, rhythmic breathing to produce relaxation
attention focusing exercises
Focus attention on words or images to remove attention from anxiety-producing thoughts/images
behavior relaxation training
Assume relaxed postures in all parts of the body.
systematic desensitization
- Gradually exposing people to their fears and teaching them to relax instead. Involves imagining, picturing, not in the actual presence of fear.
systematic advantages and disadvantages
- Advantages: easier and more convenient
- Disadvantages: may not fully generalize to actual fear-producing situation
in vivo advantages and disadvantages
- Advantages: Making actual contact with stimulus/desirable behavior in the presence of the feared stimulus is reinforced as an alternative behavior to escape or avoidance
- Disadvantage: more difficult, time-consuming and costly
flooding
- Prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, providing a maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished
- Ex. An individual who Is afraid of heights will climb to the top of a building and stay there till their anxiety subsides.
functions of cognitive behavior
- A thought or image functions as a CS. (thoughts or images elicit anxiety, anger, or fear)
- A thought or image can function as an EO ( imagining a positive outcome of an action)
- A thought or image can function as an SD for another operant behavior (problem-solving, decision-making)
- A thought or image can function as a reinforcer or punisher (self-praise, self-criticism following a behavior)
steps to cognitive restructuring
- Identify the distressing thoughts and the situations where they occur
- Identify the emotional response, mood, or behavior that follows
all or nothing
you interpret everything in terms of black and white with no shades of grey. If not perfect, it’s not acceptable.
overgeneralization
you take a single negative event as evidence that something is all bad or is always going to be bad
jumping to conclusions
you arbitrarily jump to negative conclusions that are not supported by the facts. (mind reading, making assumptions about what people are thinking)
personalization
you assume responsibility for the occurrence of negative events even when there is no evidence that you are responsible.
goal of ACT
- Accept negative thoughts and feelings, not to change them.
focus of mindfulness
- The present moment rather than the past, or worry about the future, or judgmental thoughts
- Nonjudgmental awareness of a person’s actions and environmental events
Differences between classical and operant conditioning
- Classical conditioning: involuntary consequences, stimulus is independent of the response (occurs first and elicits the response)
- Operant conditioning: voluntary behaviors, the stimulus is dependent on the behavior/response. You must do something for the stimulus to occur.
contingency between NS and the US
- Contingency: if neutral stimulus, then unconditional stimulus. If you only hear a bell then give food. (Has to occur together)
temporal continuity between NS and US
- Temporal contiguity: timing between neutral stimulus and unconditional stimulus. The closer the timing, the faster learning will occur
Counterconditioning
- It is the underlying reason for why relaxation works. We take fears and anxiety and replace them with relaxation. You cannot be both at the same time they are incompatible
the goal of cognitive reconstruction
The goal of cognitive reconstructing is to replace distressing thoughts with more desirable ( rational or functional) thoughts
Dusty air in the attic makes you cough, now when you enter the attic you cough.
NS- entering the attic
US- dusty air
CS- entering the attic
UR-coughing
CR-coughing
It’s springtime and the pollen from a flower causes you to sneeze. Eventually, you sneeze every time you see a flower.
NS- flower
US- pollen
CS- flower
UR- sneezing
CR- sneezing
Walking to your car after work you get mugged and physically assaulted which elicits ANS arousal. Now walking to your car in the same parking lot you experience arousal.
NS- walking to the car
US- being assaulted
CS- walking to the car
UR- arousal
CR- arousal
You have a meal at a fast-food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see food from that restaurant, you feel nauseated.
NS- meal
US- food poisoning
CS- meal
UR- nausea
CR- nausea
