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Behavior Modification > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

one that does not elicit a reflux response

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2
Q

unconditional stimulus (US)

A

elicits a reflex response

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3
Q

conditional stimulus (CS)

A

stimulus that elicits a conditional response

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4
Q

unconditional response

A

a reflex response elicited by an unconditional stimulus

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5
Q

conditional response

A

a response elicited by a conditional stimulus

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6
Q

Delayed conditioning

A

NS is presented and overlaps with the introduction of a US. (A bell is rung until the food is brought out)

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7
Q

trace conditioning

A

NS is presented, then stopped, and followed by the US after a short interval. (a bell is rung then stopped for a fixed amount of time, and then the food is brought out)

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8
Q

Simultaneous conditioning

A

The NS and the US occur at the same time. (The bell is rung at the same time the food is brought out)

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9
Q

backward conditioning

A

the US comes before the NS. (The food is brought out then the bell is rung)

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10
Q

extinction

A

CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US. (presentation of food without a bell)

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11
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

Spontaneous recovery- the reappearance of a CR to a CS following a rest period after extinction.

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12
Q

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

A
  • (CER) stimuli paired with positive or negative events (US) can become CSs and elicit the emotion associated with the event
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13
Q

negative CER

A

involves autonomic nervous system arousal like fear anxiety and anger

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14
Q

positive CER

A

love, happiness, pleasure, smells ( smells of baking elicits happy responses of relatives)

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15
Q

5 factors that influence classical conditioning

A
  • The nature of the NS and US
  • Intensity of NS
  • Contingency between the NS and US
  • The number of pairings
  • Previous exposure to the NS
  • Temporal contiguity between the NS and the US
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16
Q

progressive muscle relaxation

A

Tense and relax each muscle group in the body until a more relaxed state is achieved

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17
Q

diaphragmatic breathing

A

Focus on deep, slow, rhythmic breathing to produce relaxation

18
Q

attention focusing exercises

A

Focus attention on words or images to remove attention from anxiety-producing thoughts/images

19
Q

behavior relaxation training

A

Assume relaxed postures in all parts of the body.

20
Q

systematic desensitization

A
  • Gradually exposing people to their fears and teaching them to relax instead. Involves imagining, picturing, not in the actual presence of fear.
21
Q

systematic advantages and disadvantages

A
  • Advantages: easier and more convenient
  • Disadvantages: may not fully generalize to actual fear-producing situation
22
Q

in vivo advantages and disadvantages

A
  • Advantages: Making actual contact with stimulus/desirable behavior in the presence of the feared stimulus is reinforced as an alternative behavior to escape or avoidance
  • Disadvantage: more difficult, time-consuming and costly
23
Q

flooding

A
  • Prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, providing a maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished
    • Ex. An individual who Is afraid of heights will climb to the top of a building and stay there till their anxiety subsides.
24
Q

functions of cognitive behavior

A
  • A thought or image functions as a CS. (thoughts or images elicit anxiety, anger, or fear)
  • A thought or image can function as an EO ( imagining a positive outcome of an action)
  • A thought or image can function as an SD for another operant behavior (problem-solving, decision-making)
  • A thought or image can function as a reinforcer or punisher (self-praise, self-criticism following a behavior)
25
Q

steps to cognitive restructuring

A
  • Identify the distressing thoughts and the situations where they occur
  • Identify the emotional response, mood, or behavior that follows
26
Q

all or nothing

A

you interpret everything in terms of black and white with no shades of grey. If not perfect, it’s not acceptable.

27
Q

overgeneralization

A

you take a single negative event as evidence that something is all bad or is always going to be bad

28
Q

jumping to conclusions

A

you arbitrarily jump to negative conclusions that are not supported by the facts. (mind reading, making assumptions about what people are thinking)

29
Q

personalization

A

you assume responsibility for the occurrence of negative events even when there is no evidence that you are responsible.

30
Q

goal of ACT

A
  • Accept negative thoughts and feelings, not to change them.
31
Q

focus of mindfulness

A
  • The present moment rather than the past, or worry about the future, or judgmental thoughts
  • Nonjudgmental awareness of a person’s actions and environmental events
32
Q

Differences between classical and operant conditioning

A
  • Classical conditioning: involuntary consequences, stimulus is independent of the response (occurs first and elicits the response)
  • Operant conditioning: voluntary behaviors, the stimulus is dependent on the behavior/response. You must do something for the stimulus to occur.
33
Q

contingency between NS and the US

A
  • Contingency: if neutral stimulus, then unconditional stimulus. If you only hear a bell then give food. (Has to occur together)
34
Q

temporal continuity between NS and US

A
  • Temporal contiguity: timing between neutral stimulus and unconditional stimulus. The closer the timing, the faster learning will occur
35
Q

Counterconditioning

A
  • It is the underlying reason for why relaxation works. We take fears and anxiety and replace them with relaxation. You cannot be both at the same time they are incompatible
36
Q

the goal of cognitive reconstruction

A

The goal of cognitive reconstructing is to replace distressing thoughts with more desirable ( rational or functional) thoughts

37
Q

Dusty air in the attic makes you cough, now when you enter the attic you cough.

A

NS- entering the attic
US- dusty air
CS- entering the attic
UR-coughing
CR-coughing

38
Q

It’s springtime and the pollen from a flower causes you to sneeze. Eventually, you sneeze every time you see a flower.

A

NS- flower
US- pollen
CS- flower
UR- sneezing
CR- sneezing

39
Q

Walking to your car after work you get mugged and physically assaulted which elicits ANS arousal. Now walking to your car in the same parking lot you experience arousal.

A

NS- walking to the car
US- being assaulted
CS- walking to the car
UR- arousal
CR- arousal

40
Q

You have a meal at a fast-food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see food from that restaurant, you feel nauseated.

A

NS- meal
US- food poisoning
CS- meal
UR- nausea
CR- nausea

Behavior Modification (6 decks)

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