exam 3 short answer

Question 1

two principles involved in shaping

Answer 1

Shaping is the differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior. the two principles involved in shaping are successive approximation and differential reinforcement.

Question 2

what is successive approximation

Answer 2

behaviors are closer and closer to the target behavior. for example, rewarding a rat for standing close to the lever he is supposed to stand on.

Question 3

what is differential reinforcement?

Answer 3

reinforcement successive approximation until it is exhibited consistently. for example, a child receives praise for raising their hand instead of shouting.

Question 4

example of the accidental shaping of problem behavior

Answer 4

a child having tantrums or other problem behaviors. parents yelling or nagging

Question 5

prompt dependence

Answer 5

individual does not respond independently. only responds if prompted.
for example, a child will only wash their hands if told to wash their hands rather than doing it themselves.

Question 6

least-to-most prompt fading

Answer 6

does not need physical prompt. for example you would start by just telling a child to wash their hands. if they cannot complete behavior you move onto the next prompt, gestures and you would point at the sink. if they still cannot perform task move onto modeling then physical prompt.

Question 7

You have been hired by an agency that provides rehabilitation services for people who have sustained brain damage from head injuries. Clients of the agency often have to learn basic skills all over again. One skill that you have to teach is bed making. Your first step is to develop a task analysis of bed making. Provide the task analysis for bed making. Be sure to include all the stimulus–response components.

Answer 7

• SD(1)- see blanket on bed messed up-> (R1)-pick up blanket
  -SD(2)- blanket is in hands -> (r2)- lay blanket on bed straight
• SD(3)- see pillows -> (R3)- pick pillows up
  -SD(4)- pillows in hands -> (R4)- put pillows at the head of the bed
  forward chaining-> begin with SD(1), and prompt R(1), and reinforce
  backward chaining -> begin with SD(4), and prompt R(4), and reinforce