Exam 5

Question 1

How can you lower activation energy?

Answer 1

by tabilizing the transition state of the rate-determining step, or by increasing the relative energy of a substrate that is involved in the kinetics of the rea

Question 2

What happens to number of stereoisomers with a Meso compound?

Answer 2

the number of stereoisomers go down by 1

ex: if have compound with 3 stereoisomers, and it happens to be meso, it will only have 2 stereoisomers

Question 3

What happens to enzyme kinetics when an enzyme is permanently disabled?

Answer 3

if an enzyme is permanently disabled, its effective enzyme concentration will be reduced, hence vmax will be reduced (showing graph of non-completive )

Question 4

Describe the trend and kind of site for competitive inhibition

Answer 4

Competitive inhibitor
site: active site
km INCREASES
vmax stays the SAME

Question 5

What kind of site does non-competitive inhibitor use? what is the trend?

Answer 5

noncompetitive inhibitor ;
site: ALLOSTERIC
km stays the SAME
vmax DECREASES

Question 6

What is the trend for uncompetitive inhibitor ? what kind of site?

Answer 6

Uncompetitive inhibitor:
site: Enzyme-substrate complex
km DECREASES
vmax DECREASES

Question 7

What kind of reaction occurs when enthalpy has a negative value

Answer 7

Exothermic reaction when delta H (enthalpy) has negative value

Question 8

Distinguish between enthalpy of formation vs decomposition

Answer 8

enthalpy of formation will have OPPOSITE sign from enthalpy of decomposition

Question 9

What does low reactivity indicate ?

Answer 9

Low reactivity indicates HIGH STABILITY of a bond (due to strong bonds) and required energy to dissociate atoms

Question 10

Describe the conditions for reaction order to be second?

Answer 10

The initial concentration of one reactant will stay the SAME, while another reactant will have DOUBLE concentration causing initial reaction rate to QUADRUPLE

Question 11

What can lead to metabolic acidosis ?

Answer 11

Consider the following equilibria: CO2 + H2O ?H2CO3 ? HCO3–
Excess CO2 thus promotes metabolic acidosis.

Question 12

What leads to an accumulation of CO2 in blood?

Answer 12

( CO2 + H2O ?H2CO3 ? HCO3– + H+ )
a REDUCTION in respiratory rate would lead to an accumulation of CO2 in the blood, and a corresponding increase in H+

Question 13

Describe the periodic trend for ionic radius ?

Answer 13

Moving DOWN the periodic table, the ionic radii of the atoms INCREASE

.
As the ionic radius increases, the stability of the corresponding anion also increases (since the negative charge is distributed over a larger volume).

Question 14

what is km in enzyme kinematics ?

Answer 14

Km : substrate concentration at which velocity is 1/2 of vmax

Question 15

What kind of transport involves movement of ions DOWN a concentration gradient?

Answer 15

Symport, antiport and facilitated diffusion

Question 16

Where does Fatty acid synthesis occur?

Answer 16

CYTOSOL

Question 17

which biochemical processes occur in mitochondrion?

Answer 17

Fatty acid breakdown, oxidation of pyruvate, Krebs cycle and electron transport

Question 18

Where does krebs cycle occur ?

Answer 18

mitochondrial matrix

Question 19

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur ?

Answer 19

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 20

What products can pyruvate be used to make ?

Answer 20

pyruvate can be used to form
- GLUCOSE (from gluconeogenesis)
-ACETYL-COA
-FATTY ACIDS (from acetyl coa)

Question 21

What process occurs in between glycolysis and Krebs cycle?

Answer 21

pyruvate is converted to acetyl coa (through PDC, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)

Question 22

What is feedforward inhibition? What is another name for it?

Answer 22

Feedforward inhibition: A product , formed in reaction would feedback to stimulate an enzyme to produce more of a reactant

Question 23

what is formula for pka?

Answer 23

pka= - log Ka

Question 24

What is a buffer?

Answer 24

buffer- something that resists changes in pH

Question 25

What does pH of buffer solution depend on ? How does dilution of a buffer solution affect pH

Answer 25

the pH of a buffer solution depends on the RATIO of the concentrations of acid to base, and not their absolute quantities. Therefore, the dilution of the buffer solution should NOT affect the pH,

Question 26

what must be the value of torque for a pole to remain standing ?

Answer 26

Torque must be ZERO

Question 27

What is hemostasis ? What can contribute to the process?

Answer 27

Hemostasis: the process of preventing bleeding.
Platelets, Coagulation and Vasoconstriction are essential parts of the hemostatic process
platelets form large clumps (aggregation) as part of clot formation.
Vasoconstrictors constrict blood vessels to slow bleeding and can contribute to hemostasis (
Coagulation is the process by which clots form to stop bleeding;

Question 28

What is electronic configuration for zinc?

Answer 28

Zn: 4s^0 3d^10

Question 29

What would antibodies for a microtubule spindle recognize?

Answer 29

antibodies for a spindle would recognize PROTEINS that are used for translation (tubulin protein monomers)